Battle of Avdiivka (2022–2024)

Not to be confused with Battle of Avdiivka (2017).

Battle of Avdiivka
Part of the eastern Ukraine campaign of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
A destroyed building in Avdiivka after Russian shelling, March 2023
Date 21 February 2022 – 17 February 2024 (1 year, 11 months and 4 weeks) Location Avdiivka (and surrounding villages), Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine 48.13°N 37.77°E / 48.13; 37.77 Result Russian victory Territorial changes Russian forces capture Avdiivka
Belligerents
Russia Donetsk People's Republic (until 30 September 2022)	Ukraine
Units involved
Russian Ground Forces Southern Military District 8th GCAA 2nd GCAA Central Military District 41st CAA 90th Guards Tank Division Russian Air Force Russian people's militias	Ukrainian Ground Forces Operational Command South 59th Motorized Brigade Operational Command North 110th Mechanized Brigade Sibir Battalion Ukrainian Air Force
Casualties and losses
Freedom of Russia Legion estimate 30,000+ killed	Unknown
154 civilians killed, 6 missing

The battle of Avdiivka was a military engagement between the Russian Armed Forces and Russian-controlled Donbas militias on one side and the Ukrainian Armed Forces on the other. It was fought over the city of Avdiivka, located in the Donbas region. When Russian president Vladimir Putin recognized the Donetsk People's Republic, he ordered Russian troops to go into the territory. Days later, when Russia invaded Ukraine, Avdiivka was attacked.

Avdiivka is one of the most fortified settlements in Ukraine and has been described as a "gateway" to the nearby Russian-occupied city of Donetsk. Ukraine's continued control of Avdiivka had prevented Russia from using Donetsk and its resources as a communications hub and prevented Russian breakthroughs on this axis, despite heavy fighting for over a year. On 17 February 2024, Ukrainian commander-in-chief Oleksandr Syrskyi announced that Ukrainian forces were being withdrawn from the city "to avoid encirclement and preserve the lives and health of service personnel."

Background

Further information: Battle of Avdiivka (2017)

Avdiivka is an industrial city in the heart of Donetsk Oblast, located 24 km northwest of Donetsk city, the region's principal city. Avdiivka is home to the Avdiivka Coke Plant, the largest coke producer in Ukraine. The city had a pre-war population of about 32,000 people.

Avdiivka has been located along the front lines of the Russo-Ukrainian War since 2014, being a heavily fortified frontline settlement, replete with trench systems, firing positions, and concrete-reinforced bunkers. The 2017 battle of Avdiivka resulted in destruction in the town, though Ukrainian forces maintained control of the city against pro-Russian separatists of the Donetsk People's Republic.

Early battle

Early fighting (21 February – 17 April 2022)

Fighting began on 21 February 2022, when Russian forces alongside separatist militias renewed fighting in Avdiivka. When Russia officially started its invasion of Ukraine, Avdiivka was one of its main targets. On 13 March, Russian forces bombed the Avdiivka Coke Plant although the Russians accused Ukraine of sabotaging it. The National Police of Ukraine said on 22 March that Russia used Tornado-S MLRSs in bombardments of Avdiivka, allegedly causing civilian casualties. It was reported on 25 March that Artem Murakhovskyi, a commander of the Azov Regiment, was killed in Avdiivka.

Escalation (18 April – 27 July 2022)

Avdiivka 1st school after shelling by white phosphorus munitions

On 18 April, Russia renewed its invasion on Eastern Ukraine, with both sides proclaiming the beginning of the "battle of Donbas" and Russia beginning to heavily shell and attack Avdiivka. Around 2,000 of Avdiivka's residents were forced to flee underground. Ukraine claimed to have repelled Russian advances in Avdiivka on 19 April.

During the battle, use of white phosphorus munitions by Russian forces was reported several times. Governor of Donetsk Oblast Pavlo Kyrylenko reported a phosphorus attack on the city industrial zone on 26 March, on the area of the coking plant on 26 April, and on the city center, causing several fires, the next day. On 29 April, videos of the Russian army shelling Ukrainian forces in Avdiivka with a thermobaric weapon were published. On 18 May, Avdiivka 1st school was destroyed by a Russian attack with phosphorus munitions. On May 26, Ukraine's General Staff reported that Russian forces were advancing through Avdiivka, capturing many areas in the city.

On 1 June, the DPR took control of a major highway. On 6 June, the DPR took territory near Kamianka. On 12 June, Russia again bombed the Avdiivka Coke Plant. School No. 6 was destroyed on 21 June, being the third school destroyed in Avdiivka. On 24 June, Russian forces fired on Avdiivka. Russian forces later captured Novoselivka Druha on 4 July, which is 10 km northeast of Avdiivka, in an attempt to encircle the city. On 7 July, Russian forces shelled Avdiivka for 24 hours. They hit infrastructure, a hospital, residential buildings, a bus depot, and the Avdiivka Coke Plant.

On 18 July, the DPR claimed it had "half-surrounded" Avdiivka, having blocked two of the roads leading into the town. The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) an American based non-profit think-tank, also stated that fighting north of Avdiivka had intensified on July 18. However, Igor Girkin, a Russian nationalist and regular critic of Russia's war effort in Ukraine, said that the DPR's forces were unable to make many gains due to Ukrainian artillery.

Renewed assaults and capture of Pisky (28 July 2022 – March 2023)

See also: Battle of Pisky

On 28 July, DPR and Russian forces launched an offensive to surround Avdiivka. Russian and separatist forces assaulted the towns of Krasnohorivka, Pisky, and other towns north of Avdiivka. On 31 July, the Head of the Avdiivka City Military Administration Vitalii Barabash said that only 10% of the pre-war population of Avdiivka remained, or about 2,500 people.

Ukraine said on 5 August that it lost the Butivka coal mine to Russia that was pushed to the outskirts of Avdiivka. On August 7, combat footage showed that Russian forces had reached the centre of Pisky, and they fully captured the entirety of Pisky by 24 August. In early September, several separatist units, including the Sparta Battalion and Somalia Battalion, launched an attack in the wider Avdiivka area, most importantly near Pisky. As of late September, the Wall Street Journal reported that Ukrainian forces "remain[ed] on the defensive" in Avdiivka. On 10 October, Ukraine said Russia was continuing its offensive in Avdiivka and was trying to encircle the city. In mid-January 2023, Russian and DPR forces made an attempt to capture the village of Vodiane, the action was described by a British military blogger as "calamitous".

Later encirclement attempts (March 2023 – October 2023)

In March 2023 Ukrainian commander at Avdiivka said that Russian forces were trying to fully encircle the city. On 24 April, the Ukrainians claimed to have repulsed a Russian attack, and to have killed or wounded 200 Russian soldiers and destroyed 20 pieces of equipment. On 21 May, the Ukrainians claimed to have defeated a mechanized Russian assault near Avdiivka. During the engagement, they claimed to have killed 40 Russian soldiers and to have destroyed 5 armored vehicles, including at least two tanks. Later on, there were engagements near Nevelske, south-east of Avdiivka.

Fighting in the battle intensified during the beginning of the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive, with Russian forces putting pressure on the outskirts of the town and Ukrainians digging in. On 10 September 2023, Avdiivka City Military Administration Head Vitaliy Barabash reported that Ukrainian forces had gained a foothold in the urban portion of the village of Opytne 3 km southwest of Avdiivka and 2 km north of the Donetsk International Airport claiming to secured the southern border of the city, ending a threat of near encirclement.

Main battle

Initial mechanized assaults (10 October – 12 November 2023)

A shelled residential building in Avdiivka, October 2023

Starting on 10 October, Russian forces attacked the north, west and south of Avdiivka with armoured assault groups and helicopters, supported by artillery. Three motorized rifle brigades of the Russian 8th Combined Arms Army began a concerted offensive action around Avdiivka southwest near Sieverne and northwest near Krasnohorivka and the village of Stepove, near the Avdiivka Coke Plant. Reportedly, all observed Russian units involved in the renewed offensive at the time were members of the Donetsk people's militias, which the 8th CAA absorbed at the start of the invasion.

On 11 October, Ukraine's General Staff reported that Russia initiated 18 combat engagements against the city during the previous 24 hours and that Russian forces launched one missile strike and 36 air strikes, while the Ukrainian air force launched 12 strikes. Andrii Kovaliov, a spokesman for the Ukrainian General Staff, reported separately in an interview with Radio Svoboda that Ukrainian forces had prior knowledge of this attempted assault and were prepared beforehand. On 12 October, the ISW assessed that Russian forces "have not secured any major breakthrough" and were unlikely to cut off Ukrainian forces due to heavy losses, equivalent to a battalion tactical group in armoured vehicles.

On 15 October, Ukrainian forces were conducting counterattacks on the southern flanks near Pervomaiske (11km southwest of Avdivika) and Sieverne (6km west of Avdiivka) with mixed results. Russian forces maintained days-long assaults across the front, only showing signs of letting up by 16 October when Avdiivka mayor Vitalii Barabash reported that Russian forces only attempted to storm the city 15 times, compared to the 60 time average during the middle of the week. Andriy Serhan, the commander of the 59th Motorized Brigade's drone platoon, said that the Russian assault had failed, but that the Russians were regrouping for another attempt. Ukrainian sources reported that Russian positions were reinforced with three units based on the DPR militias, the 114th, 15th, and 21st Motor Rifle Brigades while the 30th Motor Rifle Brigade was being kept in reserve.

On 18 October, the 21st Motor Rifle Brigade advanced towards an elevated mound of coke slack (formed from the adjacent Avdiivka Coke Plant) overlooking Avdiikva from the north, capturing some forward positions. The Ukrainians claimed to have destroyed 97 Russian tanks, infantry fighting vehicles and armoured personnel carriers while another Ukrainian source claimed that 620 Russian soldiers and 34 units of military equipment were lost on the 18th.

View of the Avdiivka Coke Plant after Russian shelling, 19 October 2023

On 19 October, the DPR's "Kluny" Sabotage, Assault and Reconnaissance group made gains north of Spartak and also attempted a frontal assault on Avdiivka with the 1st Motorized Rifle Brigade attacking the fortified restaurant, the "Tsarska Okhota" (Tsar's Hunt), located at the southernmost turn of Soborna Street on the city's southern outskirts. The 9th Motorized Rifle Brigade reported to have advanced "a few hundred" meters in the Vodiane–Netailove direction. The 114th Motorized Rifle Brigade and 277th Infantry Battalion attacked near Stepove village, north of Avdiivka. The 1454th Motorized Rifle Regiment and the 21st Motorized Rifle Brigade attacked near Kamianka. Lastly, the "Pyatnashka" and "Yugra" volunteer battalions attempted to advance to the N20 highway east of Avdiivka.

On 22 October, the ISW reported that Russian forces were pausing their main efforts to regroup and rearm after the "failed" 19 October assaults. A Ukrainian spokesperson, Colonel Oleksandr Shtupun, stated that Russian command was shifting more units from the Zaporizhia front to Avdiivka, namely the 6th Motor Rifle Division. Meanwhile, geolocated footage confirmed marginal Russian advanced southeast of Pervomaiske. Russian and Ukrainian sources also reported that Russia had committed elements of the Redut PMC to Avdiivka, alongside the 106th Airborne. It was also reported on 24 October that Russia had moved elements of its 41st Combined Arms Army to reserve positions near Avdiivka.

On 25 October, a Russian milblogger claimed that Ukrainian defenders had pushed Russian forces out of the village of Berdychi, located 10 km northeast of Avdiivka and west of Stepove. On 26 October Russian milbloggers attributed rain and poor weather for the decrease in intensity of clashes around Avdiivka.

On 28 October, Russian forces captured the slag dump west of the railroad and Avdiivka Coke Plant, considered a tactically important elevation that oversees Avdiivka. Meanwhile, the commander of the Arbat Battalion confirmed Russia's objective was to capture Avdiivka and also claimed that elements of the Wagner Group PMC had joined the Battalion—which is part of the DPR's "Dikaya Division of Donbas" and the "Pyatnashka Brigade". Ukrainian military observer Kostyantyn Mashovets assessed that Russia had committed the "main force" of the 8th Combined Arms Army, consisting of the DPR's entire 1st Army Corps as well as the Luhansk People's Republic's (LPR) 2nd Army Corps, 20th Motorized Rifle Division, and the 150th Motorized Rifle Division to the Avdiivka front.

On 31 October, Ukrainian Col. Oleksandr Shtupun claimed that Russia had launched a new assault on Avdiivka consisting of Storm-Z penal units.

In early November 2023, the pace of Russian assaults also reportedly decreased to a "creeping offensive" as weather conditions deteriorated and heavy rains and mud complicated reconnaissance and logistics for both armies. The British Ministry of Defence assessed that Russian forces in Avdiivka had likely changed tactics, conducting dismounted infantry-led assaults due to the reportedly heavy vehicle losses in the October assaults. Meanwhile, Russian milbloggers claimed that Russian troops were conducting tunnel warfare against Ukrainian positions. On 2 November, a prominent Russian source claimed that Russian troops advanced closer to the southwestern outskirts of Avdiivka, towards the Khimik microdistrict, and up to 1 km from Sieverne.

Residential buildings in Avdiivka after Russian airstrikes, 2 November 2023

On 3 November, Ukraine's General Staff said it repelled 17 attacks on and near Avdiivka, while Avdiivka mayor Vitalii Barabash, citing audio transmission intercepts, said the Russians were aiming to capture the fortified coke plant during the battle, as it controls Avdiivka's northern flank. The same day, Russian forces expanded their zone of control northwest of Krasnohorivka, past the railway line, towards Novokalynove and also pushed back Ukrainian defenders near Vesele. The ISW assessed that between 3-4 November Russian troops had reached the railway tracks north of the plant, consolidating positions as they further approached Stepove village from the east. Russian sources also claimed that an irregular Russian formation named "Dikiya Divisiya" dug a 160-meter-long tunnel underneath an unspecified Ukrainian position and detonated explosives.

On 7-8 November, Russian forces reportedly advanced along the Stepove railway and along Avdiivka's southern flank. Meanwhile, Mayor Barabash said Ukrainian defenders were bracing for a "third wave" of Russian assaults along the eastern axis once the ground dries. On 9 November, a spokesman for Ukraine's 3rd Assault Brigade said the Russians were conducting infantry-led combined arms assaults supported by "artillery, drones, aviation, the same air bombing and more" while preserving their equipment by using them "mainly from a distance". Ukraine's General Staff claimed 11 Russian attacks were repelled near Avdiivka on this day.

On 10 November, geolocated footage showed that Russian forces had entered eastern Stepove amid heavy Ukrainian resistance. Russian assaults toward Stepove were reportedly costly, as the open field between the village outskirts and the railway was a virtual "no man's land" well within firing range from several Ukrainian brigades supported by artillery, drones and IFVS, resulting in tough clashes on this exposed salient. On 12 November, General Oleksandr Tarnavskyi, who is commanding Ukrainian troops on the Avdiivka front, reported 30 engagements with Russians troops on and near Avdiivka and said the Russians were increasing airstrikes with guided bombs, conducting 30 airstrikes and 712 artillery barrages over the previous day.

Capture of the southern industrial zone (13 November – 4 December 2023)

On 13 November, Russian troops advanced in the so-called Promka industrial zone near Yasnynuvata Lane on Avdiivka's southern flank, an important fortified frontline area located on a hill and held by Ukraine since 2014. By 16-17 November, the Russians had reportedly captured at least 60% of the southeastern industrial zone while, separately, expanding the "gray zone" on the Stepove-Krasnohorivka axis north of Avdiivka. The British Ministry of Defence assessed that Russian forces were "almost certainly attempting a pincer movement" of Avdiivka, but insisted that capturing the coke plant on the northern axis would be costly for the Russians as it "provides Ukraine with a localized defensive advantage". In mid-November 2023, Ukrainian troops told Agence France-Presse they were using drones, grenades, mortars, artillery, and 25mm cannon fire from M2 Bradleys to defend against Russian infantry assaults, which they said were intended to "exhaust our lines with constant waves of attacks." One Ukrainian drone operator alleged that Russian troops typically advanced at night in groups of five to seven soldiers then attacked at sunrise.

The Ukrainians recaptured some positions in a counterattack near Stepove and the coke plant on 19 November as fighting continued south of Novokalynove, located 10 km northwest of Avdiivka. Russian troops purportedly broke through Ukrainian defenses near the Yasynuvata-2 station in the industrial zone on 20 November, as a spokesman for Ukraine's 47th Mechanized Brigade said the Russians continued small infantry assaults despite increasing snowfall. A Ukrainian counterattack on the Yasynuvata-2 station failed on 21 November, according to Russian sources. Meanwhile, Mayor Barabash observed that the Russians were using more vehicles as they advanced further along the streets of the industrial zone, but continued infantry-based assaults on the open fields. On 22 November, Russian sources reported the capture of Ukrainian defensive fortifications southwest of the industrial zone, while Colonel Oleksandr Shtupun reported the destruction of two Russian tanks and five or seven AFVs during a mechanized assault. Ukrainian military observer Konstyantyn Mashovets reported that the Russians committed the 255th Motorized Rifle Regiment—part of the 20th Guards Motor Rifle Division—to Avdiivka.

General Oleksandr Tarnavskyi said Russia's "third wave" of assaults on Avdiivka began on 23 November and claimed to have repelled several Russian mechanized assault columns over the next two days. The Ukrainians claimed to have killed 700 Russian soldiers and destroyed 51 items of military equipment, 44 vehicles, and eight tanks. Mayor Barabash claimed weather conditions such as snow and heavy winds were hindering Russian logistics, meanwhile the Russians reportedly controlled 95% of the industrial zone by 24 November. On 25-26 November, Russian sources reported advances near the Yasynuvata-2 railway station and claimed most or all of the southern industrial zone had been captured. Geolocated footage showed Russian armored vehicles operating freely and bombarding Ukrainian positions in the northern part of the industrial zone as Ukrainian infantry retreated north towards the nearby suburbs. A Ukrainian soldier interviewed by Radio Svoboda on 27 November acknowledged recent Russian gains, but disputed that the entire industrial zone had been captured while DeepState open-source intelligence war mapping reported the Ukrainians still retained some fortified positions in the district.

The Promka industrial zone was reportedly under full Russian control by 4 December, while Roman Pohorilyi of DeepState mapping said the Russians had consolidated their positions in the district by 21 December and were bringing in infantry and equipment.

Continued encirclement and advance on the northern outskirts (5 December 2023 – 20 January 2024)

By late November, Ukrainian forces were maintaining supply lines into Avdiivka amid harsh weather conditions and continuous Russian pressure from the north, east and south. On 28 November, Russian forces were reportedly advancing from "all sides" as ongoing heavy fighting near the coke plant was reported. Mayor Barabash said the coke plant was "almost completely destroyed" amid seemingly constant Russian artillery and airstrikes that were gradually weakening Ukrainian defenses. Russian troops reportedly outnumbered Ukrainian defenders five-to-one and held the air and artillery advantage, as Ukrainian sources reported shortages of 155mm howitzer ammunition and insufficient supplies of anti-armor and anti-air munitions, according to DeepState and the ISW.

Ukrainian defenders continued to clash with Russian troops around Stepove; in early December video emerged online of militants in Russian uniforms apparently executing two surrendering Ukrainian soldiers while clearing a dugout near Stepove, prompting an investigation by Ukraine's Donetsk public prosecutor's office and prompting Ukrainian authorities to accuse Russia of a war crime.

Damaged building in Avdiivka, 29 December 2023

On 18 December, the ISW reported a marginal Russian advance north of Pervomaiske during ongoing attempts to shore up their southern flank. The Ukrainians again claimed to have inflicted heavy equipment losses on Russian forces, with 44 tanks, 60 APCs and 38 artillery systems in the past 24 hours around Avdiivka. On 25 December, the Ukrainians claimed that they were currently transferring reserves to counter Russian forces, and that "every day they lose 300-400 people killed and wounded and a lot of military equipment". However, the Russians were reportedly transferring their own reserves, and that "one column can contain both the latest and very old Soviet models of equipment". The next day, the Ukrainian Ministry of Defence denied reports of one of their brigades losing 108 men killed on Christmas Eve, calling the reports "fake".

Russian assaults continued into January 2024, with minimal results. By mid-January, the Russians had reportedly switched tactics from trying to outflank Avdiivka with fast-paced, exposed armored assaults to infiltrating infantry to bypass Ukrainian positions. According to the Kyiv Post, the Russians had transitioned from attacking the hills and open fields north and west of the city to attacking from the south and eastern directions.

On 19 January 2024, the Ukrainians claimed that the Russians were continuing to launch armored assaults against their positions, and had lost 41 armored vehicles over the past three days, including 17 tanks. The next day, 20 January, Col. Shtupun stated that after a week of "rather intense air raids involving a large number of guided aerial bombs" the Russians had temporarily postponed their airstrikes but were continuing their missile and artillery strikes on the city, speculating that potential causes ranged from routine maintenance, ammunition shortages or adverse weather conditions.

Breakthrough in the southern and northern suburbs (20 January – 7 February 2024)

On 20 January 2024, Russian forces broke through Ukrainian defenses in southern Avdiivka, capturing the fortified "Tsarska Okhota" restaurant and advancing up to 1.2 km north along Soborna Street. They also broke through to Chernyshevskoho and Sportyva Streets and advanced up to 1 km along them and the tree line just south. Russian sources reported that the Skotovata dacha area and sand quarry, both east of "Tsarska Okhota" and southwest of the previously captured southern industrial zone, were taken. Ukrainian military observer Kostyantyn Mashovets further said that the Russians progressed along Kolosova and Lermentova streets, both northwest of the sand quarry. According to the ISW, Russian assault units included the 55th Mountain Motor Rifle Brigade and DPR's 132nd Motorized Rifle Brigade, 1st Motorized Rifle Brigade, the "Veterany" Reconnaissance and Assault Brigade, and 9th Motorized Rifle Brigade.

According to both Ukrainian and Russian sources, the Russian breakthrough in the south was partially a result of tunneling tactics. According to a 5 Kanal report, Russian tunnelers entered the local underground drainage network near Spartak and began digging and clearing debris in an abandoned sewage tunnel "for several days". Reconnaissance teams then used the passage to infiltrate "about a kilometer" forward and conduct sneak attacks on Ukrainian positions, with varying degrees of success. According to Russian sources, the tunneling operation occurred over several weeks as Russian scouts cleared the flooded drainage pipe of icy water and cut holes into it using power tools. As many as 150 special operations personnel used the network to infiltrate 2 km and emerge behind Ukrainian positions near the "Tsarska Okhota" park, capturing the fortification, according to Russian sources.

On 22 January, the Ukrainians reported fighting in the northern and western parts of the city, including near the coke plant. Combat footage of kamikaze drone strikes by the 110th Mechanized Brigade, the primary Ukrainian formation defending Avdiivka, showed that Russian troops had entered into urban areas. By 23 January, Russian forces had reached western Stepove and, by 25 January, had partially stabilized the front line southwest of the village. The ISW assessed that these marginal gains showed a "tempo far below the scale of the initial waves of Russian mechanized assaults" in the area.

As of 25 January, Ukrainian forces were counterattacking near the "Tsarska Okhota" area to regain previously lost positions, reportedly with marginal success. On 28-29 January, positional clashes also continued on Russia's southwestern flank, with the Russians claiming more advances along Voroshylova Street in Pervomaiske. On 31 January, Russian president Vladimir Putin commented on the recent Russian advances, saying Russian forces had "captured 19 houses and are holding them," without elaborating. By early February 2024, it was confirmed that Russian troops had advanced east of Opytne, further supporting the long-standing semi-encirclement of the "Zenit" air defense unit fortification. Russian troops had consolidated their positions near Soborna Street up to its intersection with Chernyshevskoho Street by 9 February.

In early February 2024, Russian troops followed up the southern breakthrough with a second breakthrough in northern Avdiivka. By 2 February, Russian forces had mostly captured the city's northeast dacha area up to the northeast segments of Pionerska Street and Zaliznychnyi Lane. On 4–6 February, they advanced several hundred meters along the forested lake area north of Sapronova Street, reaching the northernmost segment of Donetska Street, and likely capturing most of Michurina Lane. It was also reported that Russian forces had approached the railway line just north of the railway bridge and advanced towards the north shore of the flooded sand quarry. Foggy weather and a lack of Ukrainian shells reportedly contributed to the success of the Russian advance. Meanwhile, Russian sources reported further advances into southeastern Pervomaiske.

Ukrainian journalist Yuri Butusov reported the situation in the city had become critical and the 110th Mechanized Brigade was exhausted. Butusov wrote that the 110th sometimes relied on elderly vehicle engineers to fill in gaps in the increasingly thin defensive lines, noting that many "grandfathers" had already died in the battle as "everyone who can hold a machine gun" was needed to hold the line. Around this time, undated video emerged online of a U.S.-supplied M1A1 Abrams tank operated by the 47th Mechanized Brigade, purportedly on the Avdiivka front.

Fighting in central Avdiivka and across the train tracks (8 – 14 February 2024)

Russian sources claimed that the front line of the northern breach had been pushed further south by 8 February, towards central Avdiivka, demarcating near Shestakova Street – Sapronova Street – 50-richchia AKKhZ Lane. They also claimed that a 1.4 km section of the railway line and part of a neighborhood of summer houses across it were captured. A Ukrainian military spokesperson acknowledged there were ongoing clashes "not only in the area of private homes north of the city but already within the town itself," and said that Russian troops were concentrating attacks on the northern axis in an attempt to cut the main supply road (allegedly Hrushevskoho Street) into the city. Mayor Barabash called the situation "very difficult and hot" and said that the Russians were storming the city from all directions with "very large forces". Barabash also said the Russians were mainly attacking with air strikes, artillery, and infantry because the ground was too soft for tanks and armored vehicles. Ukraine's general staff claimed to have shot down a Russian attack helicopter near the city.

The British defence ministry observed that the Russians were heavily leveraging tactical air power, reporting that Russian warplanes launched approximately 600 guided munitions in the previous four weeks and "Russian sorties increased guided aerial munitions strikes from 30 to 50 per day on 5 February 2024, an increase of 66 percent over the last two weeks." Meanwhile, Ukrainian commanders were reportedly attributing the Russian breakthrough to chronic artillery supply shortages resultant of recent delays in EU and US military aid packages, with Ukrainian troops reporting that the Russians were firing five shells for every one of theirs. Ukrainian soldiers also said the Russians were producing and fielding more FPV drones than them, as the Ukrainians remained mostly reliant on civilian donations. Despite the supply shortages and being outgunned, at least one Ukrainian soldier insisted that morale remained relatively strong.

On 9 February, Col. General Oleksandr Syrskyi, who replaced Valerii Zaluzhny as Ukraine's commander-in-chief on 8 February, was reportedly transferring reserves to Avdiivka. On 10 February, Brigadier General Oleksandr Tarnavskyi, the commander of the Tavria operational-strategic group, observed that the Russians were attempting to "establish control of our supply routes on the northern flank" but insisted that supply lines held and Ukrainian defenders were strengthening "blocking lines, putting up additional fire positions, and pulling up fresh and effective forces."

On 11 February, the Ukrainians reportedly deployed their last reserve, 3rd Assault Brigade, to defend Avdiivka. Fresh forces from Ukrainian brigades were being rotated into Avdiivka during the week of 4-10 February. According to The Washington Post, Ukraine's Special Group "Alpha" were using a section of the coke plant to launch FPV drones against Russian infantry, as the Ukrainians were conserving artillery shells for larger targets such as armored vehicles and artillery pieces.

On 12 February, Russian forces were entrenching themselves west of the railway line, deploying more armored vehicles, and making a minor advance southwest of the city, according to Russian milbloggers. Dmytro Riumshyn, the commander of Ukraine's 47th Mechanized Brigade, alleged that the Russians were deploying regular troops, sabotage groups, as well as "Storm-Z" and "Storm-V" penal units in the city.

On 13 February, some units of the 110th Mechanized Brigade were rotated out of Avdiivka as it "no longer has sufficient capabilities to hold the city". The 110th had defended the city non-stop since March 2022. By the next day, several Russian sources already agreed on the reports of Russian control up to halfway along Tymiriazieva Street and of the autobase, both southwest of the railway line, first claimed two days prior.

Ukrainian withdrawal (14 – 17 February 2024)

On 15 February, the Ukrainian military confirmed a partial withdrawal from Avdiivka was already underway as Gen. Tarnavskyi confirmed "fierce battles" continued "within" the city. US National Security Council spokesperson John Kirby admitted that Avdiivka was "at risk of falling into Russian control", citing shortages in Ukrainian artillery supplies. An officer from the 110th Brigade told BBC News that they had ran out of artillery and that the artillery shortages were widespread and having a direct impact on the battle, with frontline defenders being "armed only with assault rifles." Russian forces cut off Ukraine's likely main ground line of communication (GLOC) through Hrushevskoho Street or Industrial Avenue and also advanced northwest from the autobase and private sector directions towards the crossroads with the O0542 road to Lastochkyne. Russian sources further reported advances west of Avdiivka, towards Lastochkyne, aimed at cutting off the remaining Ukrainian GLOCs and encircling the defenders holding out in central Avdiivka and the southernmost fortifications "Zenit", located in the former air defense unit, and "Cheburashka".

The Zenit fortification, a bastion of trenches and fortifications located east of Opytne, had anchored Avdiivka's southern flank, preventing any direct assault from the immediate south for years. On the night of 14-15 February, Ukrainian troops withdrew hundreds of meters northwards from the Zenit-Cheburashka defensive complex as to avoid encirclement, abandoning the area to troops of Russia's 1st Army Corps. Ukrainian troops reportedly suffered casualties while fleeing Zenit under a gauntlet of Russian artillery, mortar, and machine gun fire, abandoning some of their wounded comrades as they fled across open farm fields. Most Ukrainian sources reported the troops retreated under pressure but in good order, however Viktor Bilyak, a member of 2nd Company, 1st Battalion, 110th Brigade, posted on Instagram claiming that higher command denied medevac to wounded and that six men of his 15-20 men section were abandoned to Russian forces. By 16 February, Russian troops had also captured the Cheburashka fortification on the Donetsk ring road north of Zenit, finally capturing the long-held Ukrainian defensive complex.

On 16 February, Russian troops advanced along Hrushevskoho Street in the southeast direction as house-to-house clashes continued in the northeastern portion of the city, with the most intense combat reportedly in the city's industrial district. By evening, the Russians had captured the Avdiivka City Park in central Avdiivka and the nearby hospital. There were also reports of further advances in the south in the Vinogradnyky-2 gardening partnership and in the industrial area south of the coke plant. One Russian milblogger claimed that a little more than 1 km separated the opposite Russian pincer advances. Russian sources claimed that up to 5,000 Ukrainian troops remained in the city, all "effectively encircled", and that they were withdrawing en masse in an increasingly chaotic and costly manner. Russian forces were attempting to complicate and prevent the withdrawal of Ukrainian soldiers.

Ukraine's 3rd Brigade said most Russian assault troops were regular paratroopers or special forces personnel, and that the Russian Air Force was dropping 60 bombs a day on Ukrainian positions across the city with no resistance from anti-aircraft positions. A 3rd Brigade commander alleged that the Russians used incideniary munitions to ignite storage tanks, resulting in toxic smoke from burning hazardous chemicals blanketing the city and coke plant. The 3rd Brigade also claimed that despite being outnumbered at least 7:1 and suffering casualties, they managed to repel a Russian column of 6-8 combat vehicles that were attempting to assault an unspecified position, inflicting heavy losses. Nevertheless, according to DeepState, Russian forces had captured the city water works, the bus station, and were approaching the central 9th district, a section of the city consisting of Soviet-era high-rise apartment buildings that dominate the surrounding terrain. There were about 15,000 Russian soldiers assaulting the city, according to the 3rd Brigade.

Early on 17 February, Commander-in-Chief Oleksandr Syrskyi confirmed that Ukrainian forces were completely withdrawing from Avdiivka to "more favourable lines" as to "avoid encirclement and preserve the lives and health of service personnel". President Volodymyr Zelensky confirmed the decision to withdraw was to "save our soldiers’ lives" from Russian encirclement while also praising Ukrainian troops for "exhausting" the Russians. General Oleksandr Tarnavskyi commented, "In a situation where the enemy is advancing on the corpses of their own soldiers, with a ten-to-one shell advantage, under constant bombardment, this is the only correct solution". Tarnavskyi said Russian forces had carried out more than 150 artillery attacks and 20 airstrikes on the Avdiivka front over the previous 24 hours. He additionally confirmed "At the final stage of the operation, under the pressure of the overwhelming enemy forces, a certain number of Ukrainian servicemen were captured".

During the day, multiple videos surfaced on social media showing Russian flags being planted across the city, including on one of the AKHZ's buildings, on a chimney in the Quartz Plant south of the flooded quarry, and in the City Administration and Palace of Culture buildings. Later that day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated Russian forces had taken "full control" of Avdiivka and that clearing operations were underway at the coke plant.

Aftermath

The New York Times referred to the capture of Avdiivka on 17 February 2024 as "the first major gain Russian forces have achieved" since the capture of Bakhmut in May 2023. The Times further wrote that even if Ukraine stabilized its frontline in the rear of Avdiivka, control of the city allowed for improved Russian military logistics in Donetsk Oblast in support of future ground advances. Western media also highlighted that the city's capture not only provided a morale boost for the Russian military but that the timing also offered Russian president Vladimir Putin a battlefield victory just weeks before the 2024 Russian presidential election.

Some Russian sources said that large groups of Ukrainian POWs were captured during what they described as a disorganized and costly withdrawal.

Military casualties

In October 2023, The Washington Post reported that Russian and Ukrainian losses were heavy, with the battle being compared to the battle of Bakhmut that reportedly left tens of thousands of Russian and Ukrainian soldiers killed.

Despite the announced withdrawal some Ukrainian forces were captured by Russian forces. According to Oleksandr Tarnavskyi, Ukranian commander of Tavriia Forces a certain numer of Ukranian forces were captured in the final stage of the evacuation.

Ukrainian claims of Russian casualties

Since Russia's renewed assault on Avdiivka in October 2023, the Ukrainians and Western observers both reported disproportionate Russian losses, claiming that Russia was using "human wave tactics" during the battle. One Ukrainian artillery officer alleged Russian commanders were sending their soldiers on near-suicidal assaults. The losses for the Russian 90th Tank Division alone that day were claimed to be 820 killed or wounded, about 80 armoured vehicles (including at least one BMPT Terminator), 18 artillery pieces, more than a dozen multiple rocket launchers, and about 30 other vehicles. By 12 November, the Ukrainians claimed that the division had lost between 2,500 and 3,000 soldiers, and 250 tanks and other armored vehicles, thus "losing combat effectiveness".

On 10 October, geolocated footage collated by military analyst Andrew Perpetua, showed 70 Russian and 15 Ukrainian destroyed vehicles. However, Ukrainian sources claimed even higher losses. Total Russian casualties in just one day were claimed by Ukraine high as 34 tanks and 91 other armored vehicles destroyed, with human losses reportedly being 820 killed and 2,400 wounded.

According to an analysis by the Kyiv Post, the Russian 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army has been rendered "combat ineffective" as a result of heavy losses suffered during the offensive in this area. Its worst-hit unit, the 114th Separate Motor Rifle Brigade, lost 190 dead and 160 wounded in October, from an initial strength of 1,800 to 2,000 men, of which just 600 to 800 were assigned to "combat duties". The Ukrainians listed eleven brigades or equivalents under the 2nd CAA's command which have suffered similar losses, with a total 1,500 front-line soldiers dead and 2,000 seriously wounded out of a total strength (including non-combat troops) of 20,000 to 25,000 men.

On 13 October, according to the Kyiv Post, independent analysts estimates that the Russians suffered losses of 1,000 to 2,000 troops killed or wounded in the first 96 hours of the offensive, along with 30 to 40 tanks and 90 to 100 armored personnel carriers. Meanwhile Ukrainian drone operators reported losses of 100 Russian soldiers and two tanks within the first ten minutes of the fighting with no losses of their own.

Ukrainian forces repel a Russian assault across the open field west of Krasnohorivka (north of Avdiivka) in late 2023. The Avdiivka Coke Plant can be seen in the background.

Russian casualties near Krasnohorivka, late 2023.

On 14 October, Colonel Oleksandr Shtupun, a spokesperson for the Ukrainian military, claimed that the Russians had lost 3,000 soldiers and 300 pieces of equipment in the past five days since the beginning of the Russian's offensive.

On 20 October, a report by David Axe of Forbes stated that Ukraine's claim of destroying 175 Russian armored vehicles in the previous two days (including 55 tanks) is nearly 20 times higher than the daily average of three Russian tanks destroyed since February 2022. Meanwhile, according to a report from the Euromaidan Press, 65% of the nearly 1,400 Russian soldiers claimed to have been killed on 19 October occurred on just two 5 kilometer segments of the front near Avdiivka. They also stated that these losses are almost 50% higher than the first day of the offensive, although this attack was reportedly not as intense as the first one. Also on 20 October, according to Ukrainian sources, the Russians lost 900 soldiers killed and wounded, as well as 50 tanks and 100 armored vehicles damaged or destroyed. In addition, Ukrainian soldiers operating there also claimed that they had destroyed 200 armored vehicles over the last four days alone.

On 22 October, the fighting had become so intense that Ukrainian military historian Vasyl Pavlov compared the situation around Avdiivka to the Battles of Rzhev during World War II. "What's happening around Avdiivka can be compared to a series of events that took place on the Eastern Front during World War II, or let's say such a well-known event as the Battle of Rzhev," he claimed in an interview with Espreso TV. In addition, Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to the Ukrainian presidential administration, told TV Rain that Russia had lost between 5,000 and 6,000 troops in just over a week of their offensive in Avdiivka, as well as 400 armored vehicles. Indeed, according to the Ukrainian military, by 23 October the Russians had been losing as many as 1,000 men killed in action each day during its attempt to take the town, as well as "tens of tanks and armored vehicles". The recent Russian attacks on Avdiivka "have contributed to a 90% increase in Russian casualties recorded by the Ukrainian MoD (Ministry of Defense)," according to British military intelligence.

On 28 October, Ukrainian Defense Minister Rustem Umerov claimed that Ukrainian troops had killed 4,000 Russian soldiers in the battle so far, which roughly lines up with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's claim the previous day, that Russia had lost "at least a brigade" (between 2,000 and 8,000 personnel) near Avdiivka.

On 29 October, Ukrainian spokesman, Colonel Oleksandr Shtupun, claimed that they had killed 6,500 Russian soldiers and destroyed 100 tanks (including T-90s) and 250 armored vehicles since 10 October. "If we talk about losses in such a short period on a relatively small part of the front line, Avdiivka is already the largest defeat on the part of the Russians," he also stated.

On 10 November, Ukrainian C-in-C Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed that his troops had killed 10,000 Russians and destroyed 100 tanks, 250 armored vehicles, 50-100 artillery pieces and seven Su-25 planes. Colonel Shuptun, meanwhile, claimed that Russian casualties average between 400 and 600 casualties per day.

On 11 November, in a renewed Russian assault on the town, the Ukrainians claimed that the Russians lost 800 men killed or wounded in the last day.

On 13 November, British intelligence as well as Russian military bloggers claimed that Storm-Z in Avdiivka had been sustaining between 40-70% losses attempting to take the city. A report from the previous spring claimed that one Storm-Z unit lost 100 men out of 161 troops fighting in Vodiane around the city, while another by Forbes claimed that "it's possible that... the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies are losing 10 troops for every one Ukrainian casualty."

Meanwhile, on 28 November, a Russian Army volunteer reported that his regiment had lost 1,000 men killed in just 10 days, or about half its strength.

On 13 December, an officer in the Freedom of Russia Legion, based on data from the Ukrainian MoD, claimed that the Russians had lost 30,000 dead in their attempts to take the city, with half of these occurring before October 2023.

On 20 December, the Ukrainians, whilst admitting that the Russians had advanced between 1.5 and 2 kilometers in two months (from 10 October), claimed that the Russians had suffered 25,000 men killed and wounded in the Donetsk Region, 80% of which "concerned the Avdiivka direction". 200 tanks and 400 other armored vehicles were also claimed to have been lost. 3,010 Russian soldiers and 32 tanks were claimed to have been "eliminated" in one three-day period, with 1,120 casualties on 7 December, 990 on 8 December, and 900 on 9 December.

On 17 February 2024, on the day of his forces' withdrawal, Ukrainian General Oleksandr Tarnavskyi claimed that Russia had lost 20,000 troops, 199 tanks and 481 AFVs in the battle since 1 January.

Western estimates of Russian and Ukrainian casualties

According to Ragnar Gudmundsson, an Iceland-based analyst, "Russia hit a probable wartime record of more than 1,400 killed in combat in a single day on Oct. 20 and averaged 900 men a day killed in combat from 10-20 October, coinciding with its push toward Avdiivka, a key city on the eastern front north of Donetsk city".

U.S. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby, in an October 26, 2023 briefing, reported that fresh Russian troops were being thrown into the battle "under-trained, under-equipped, and unprepared for combat," in "human wave" attacks. Retreating Russian soldiers, the U.S. reported, were apparently being shot by orders of their own commanders. By the end of October, the U.S. was estimating that losses in the fight had cost Russia a battalion's worth of equipment, including "at least" 125 armoured vehicles.

On 26 October, the Institute for the Study of War assessed that Russia's reported losses around Avdiivka in late October had surpassed the infamous losses in armored vehicles during the battle of Vuhledar.

In November 2023, Russian casualties were reportedly so high that they were comparable to those of Imperial Russia during World War I, who lost an average of 1,100 men killed and 2,200 wounded per day. The British MoD reported that the Russians had suffered a daily average of 931 casualties, while on 1 December military analyst Ragnar Gudmundsson estimated that they had risen to 1,020 per day over the previous seven days. For the entire month of November, "Russia's worst month", Gudmundsson claimed that Russia suffered 25,000 men killed or wounded for the month, or 994 men killed per day. This "exceeds by some 10 percent peak losses suffered by the Russian army during ultimately successful assaults on the Donbas cities of Severodonetsk, in March and April 2022, and in failed attacks on the city of Vuhledar, in February 2023". Both sources claimed that most of these losses had "occurred in the relentless assaults on Avdiivka, a town in Donbas region". This surpassed March 2023 as the deadliest month for Russian forces, during the peak of the Battle of Bakhmut, which saw a daily average of 776 losses per day.

By December 2023, the U.S. claimed that Russia had suffered over 13,000 casualties and 220 vehicles in the previous two months near Avdiivka, or 3,000 killed or wounded for every square mile captured. Five battalions were claimed to have been neutralized by U.S. Intelligence up to that point. Ukrainian losses were claimed to be much lower, at "a few thousand".

By 27 January 2024, the Russians had lost an estimated 574 vehicles, allegedly including 183 tanks, 317 AFVs and 15 trucks, while the Ukrainians had lost just 44.

According to Andrew Perpetua during an engagement fought on 27 December for the town of Stepove, just north of the city, a reinforced battalion of 500 Russians attacked the Ukrainians, with half of them not returning to their lines. 21 tanks and 14 IFVs were reported to have been destroyed, against two Ukrainian Leopard 2s being abandoned.

On 30 December 2023, American analyst and former Seal Team Six commander Chuck Pfarrer gave a much higher estimate of 40,000 Russians killed in the battle for an advance of 1-2 kilometres, which is eight times more soldiers than the Battle of Vuhledar (which he said cost Russia 5,000 dead, 46 tanks and 100 armored vehicles). On 11 December alone, he claimed that Russia had lost 430 men killed and eight tanks, 14 APCs, and two artillery systems destroyed.

Civilian casualties

Victims of the shelling of the market on 12 October 2022

First responders transporting the body of a resident after Russian shelling in November 2023

As of 11 November 2023, 154 civilians have been killed in the city with six more reported missing since the start of the invasion.

On 8 April, one person was killed and another injured by Russian shelling. On 13 April, one civilian was killed and 12 were wounded in Avdiivka. On 2 May, three civilians were killed due to Russian bombardment. On 3 May 2022, according to a news article on Dutch outlet Nederlandse Omroep Stichting, at least 10 people died and 15 more were injured during an attack on a coking plant. Allegedly, the attack took place after the workers had finished work and were waiting for the bus. On 23 May, Russian shelling and artillery bombarded Avdiivka all night long. Three civilians were injured and 20 houses as well as a kindergarten were damaged severely. On 30 May, one civilian was killed during a street fight in Avdiivka. 2 civilians were killed on June 12. On 5 July, 2 civilians were killed in Avdiivka. One civilian was killed and two wounded on 7 July. One civilian was killed on 6 August. On 12 October 7 civilians were killed and 12 more were injured after a Russian shelling of the city market.

By October 2023, 1,000 civilians remained in Avdiivka despite the battle and renewed Russian offensive. On 12 October 2023, an 85 year-old civilian was killed by indiscriminate Russian artillery bombardment of the city, two other civilians would also be injured. Ukraine opened a pre-trial investigation into the attack to determine if it was a war crime as per Article 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.

By February 2024, fewer than 1,000 residents remained in Avdiivka, according to Ukrainian authorities. Many of the remaining residents continued to shelter inside basements and cellars. According to Mayor Vitalii Barabash, 941 residents remained in the city by 8 February 2024.

Analysis

Battlefield conditions

Western media and observers compared the battle of Avdiivka to the battle of Bakhmut, drawing parallels in regards to battlefield conditions, Russian tactics, and reported casualty rates. Russian officials referred to Avdiivka as a "fortress" due to the amount of defensive works and fortified positions established by Ukrainian forces over a ten-year period, with many Ukrainian positions established inside multistory buildings that prevented frontal assaults without the attackers suffering significant losses. The Avdiivka Coke Plant served as a fortified operations base and weapons depot featuring underground hideouts and a sturdy concrete foundation; some Ukrainian soldiers compared its role to the Azovstal steel plant during the siege of Mariupol.

By early February 2024, Ukrainian authorities stated that not a single building in Avdiivka was intact.

Personnel and tactics

After Russia renewed its assault on Avdiivka in October 2023, their spearheading assault force reportedly sustained substantial losses in personnel and equipment on the northern flank near Krasnohorivka. On 26 October 2023, reports of high Russian losses at the time prompted Igor Girkin, a jailed pro-war Russian nationalist and frequent critic of the Russian war effort, to harshly criticize the offensive capabilities of Russian forces in the battle, arguing they were not able to achieve even limited objectives in favorable conditions without suffering significant casualties.

Ivan Smaga, the deputy commander of the 25th storm battalion of the 47th Mechanized Brigade, also emphasized Russian casualties in a report by The Guardian in December 2023. He claimed that around this time, Russian assaults started with "...groups of 10 men. Now it's one or two or three without support". He also remarked on the tenacity of Russian soldiers to survive amid Ukrainian artillery and drone attacks, alleging they would dig holes, crawl over frozen ground, and play dead amid the corpses of their comrades. Smaga demanded more Western-supplied equipment such as heavy artillery to resist Russia's strength in numbers and more airpower to challenge Russian tactical air superiority.

The Russian Air Force dropped hundreds of FAB-500 glide bombs over Avdiivka during January-February 2024.

By early 2024, the Russian Ministry of Defence had released few official statements regarding the battle, but acknowledged that its forces were assaulting Avdiivka with infantry, tanks, helicopters, drones, artillery, and air strikes aided with targeting assistance by special forces personnel.

The Institute for the Study of War, an American think tank and war observer, assessed on 25 January 2024 that Russian forces had appeared to have abandoned their attempts to outflank Avdiivka and were instead prioritizing "fighting through Avdiivka block-by-block from the town's southern residential area". The ISW noted that the Russians may try to replicate "attritional light infantry frontal assaults to make tactical gains by brute force," a tactic the Russians reportedly employed during the battle of Bakhmut. However, an unidentified high-ranking Ukrainian military officer noted in February 2024 that Russian troops in Avdiivka were well-rested and trained professional soldiers that entered the city in small groups following artillery barrages, whereas in Bakhmut the Russians purportedly used waves of poorly-trained Storm-Z penal units and Wagner mercenaries to exhaust Ukrainian defenses. On 15 February, the ISW revised its assessment of Russian tactics from a grinding, incremental approach to a so-called "tactical turning movement" through the city that was forcing the Ukrainians to withdraw from their positions.

Some observers attributed Russian breakthroughs in Avdiivka in early 2024 to Ukrainian ammunition shortages resultant of US military aid being delayed since October 2023. Ukrainian forces relied on FPV drone attacks to compensate for a lack of artillery shells, however drones were more susceptible to adverse weather conditions. The Institute for the Study of War highlighted that limited Ukrainian anti-air missile stocks were allowing Russian aviation to support their ground advance with heavy payloads more freely as DeepState mapping observed that Russia heavily leveraged guided aerial bombs to "wipe out" Ukrainian positions. Russia dropped hundreds of FAB glide bombs on Avdiivka during the battle, with Ukrainian journalist Yuri Butusov writing on 5 February 2024 that Russian warplanes had dropped "over 600 air bombs" on Avdiivka "in the past four weeks".

Media and observers also noted that managing the battle and the Ukrainian military's withdrawal from the city was Col. General Oleksandr Syrskyi's "first test" as Ukraine's Commander-in-Chief after he replaced his predecessor Valerii Zaluzhnyi for the position.

Strategic value

President Volodymyr Zelenskyy visiting Avdiivka on 29 December 2023

Both the Ukrainians and Russians acknowledged Avdiivka as a key settlement necessary for Russia's larger objective of securing the entirety of the Donbas, with it serving as a "gateway" to Donetsk city.

Mykola Bielieskov of the National Institute for Strategic Studies, a Kyiv-based think tank, assessed in late 2023 that the Russian capture of Avdiivka would not have a strategic impact on the overall war, but "would make the situation more tenable for occupied Donetsk as a major Russian logistics hub" and allow for a prospective Russian advance towards Prokrovsk, a Ukrainian logistical hub located about 30 miles to the northwest. The capture of Avdiivka would also serve as a morale boost for Russian forces and deal a psychological blow to the Ukrainians, Bielieskov said.

The Washington Post wrote that Avdiivka's capture would reduce Ukrainian shelling of Donetsk city from the Avdiivka direction, which was of particular concern of Russian president Vladimir Putin. The Post also wrote that Avdiivka had more strategic value than Bakhmut, as a Russian capture would open up the city's logistical infrastructure for Russian forces in the region, allowing the city to serve as a springboard for further operations.

In February 2024, Ukrainian presidential advisor Mykhailo Podolyak said Avdiivka was important to the Russians because it allowed them to "control the space around Donetsk, you have control of dominant heights there, and they can build logistics corridors to supply a large area of the front ... This is not about symbolism, this is about the operative importance of a particular territory." The Institute for the Study of War dismissed the offensive strategic value of Avdiivka and assessed that it only offered limited logistical value, stating

The potential Russian capture of Avdiivka would not be operationally significant and would likely only offer the Kremlin immediate informational and political victories…Ukrainian forces have long fortified many of the surrounding settlements, which Russian forces are also struggling to capture, and subsequent Ukrainian positions west and north of Avdiivka are likely similarly fortified. The nearest relatively large settlements in the area are at least 30 kilometers west of Avdiivka, and Russian forces have not shown that they can conduct the rapid mechanized forward movement that would be required to reach these settlements in the near or even medium-term.

See also

• List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
• Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War