Christchurch

Coordinates: 43°32′S 172°37′E / 43.533°S 172.617°E / -43.533; 172.617
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Christchurch
Ōtautahi (Māori)
Nickname: 
The Garden City
Motto(s): 
Fide Condita Fructu Beata Spe Fortis
English: Founded in Faith, Rich in the Fulfillment thereof, Strong in Hope for the Future[1]
Christchurch is located in South Island
Christchurch
Christchurch
Christchurch is located in New Zealand
Christchurch
Christchurch
Coordinates: 43°32′S 172°37′E / 43.533°S 172.617°E / -43.533; 172.617
CountryNew Zealand
IslandSouth Island
RegionCanterbury
Communities
  • Banks Peninsula
  • Coastal-Burwood
  • Fendalton-Waimairi-Harewood
  • Halswell-Hornby-Riccarton
  • Linwood-Central-Heathcote
  • Papanui-Innes
  • Spreydon-Cashmere
Wards
  • Banks Peninsula
  • Burwood
  • Cashmere
  • Central
  • Coastal
  • Fendalton
  • Halswell
  • Harewood
  • Heathcote
  • Hornby
  • Innes
  • Linwood
  • Papanui
  • Riccarton
  • Spreydon
  • Waimairi
Settled by the UK1848
Named forChrist Church, Oxford
NZ ParliamentBanks Peninsula
Christchurch Central
Christchurch East
Ilam
Selwyn
Waimakariri
Wigram
Te Tai Tonga (Māori)
Government
 • MayorPhil Mauger
 • MPs
 • Territorial authorityChristchurch City Council
Area
 • Territorial1,426 km2 (551 sq mi)
 • Land1,415.47 km2 (546.52 sq mi)
 • Urban
295.15 km2 (113.96 sq mi)
 • Metro
2,408.1 km2 (929.8 sq mi)
Elevation20 m (70 ft)
Population
 (June 2023)[4]
 • Territorial396,200
 • Density280/km2 (720/sq mi)
 • Urban
384,800
 • Urban density1,300/km2 (3,400/sq mi)
 • Metro
521,881
 • Metro density220/km2 (560/sq mi)
 • Demonym
Cantabrian
Time zoneUTC+12:00 (NZST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+13:00 (NZDT)
Postcode(s)
8011, 8013, 8014, 8022, 8023, 8024, 8025, 8041, 8042, 8051, 8052, 8053, 8061, 8062, 8081, 8082,
Area code03
Local iwiKāti Māmoe, Ngāi Tahu
WebsiteChristchurchNZ.com
High, Manchester and Lichfield Streets in Christchurch, 1923

Christchurch (/ˈkrsɜːr/; Māori: Ōtautahi) is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the seat of the Canterbury Region. Christchurch lies on the South Island's east coast, just north of Banks Peninsula on Pegasus Bay. The Avon River (Ōtākaro) flows through the centre of the city, with an urban park along its banks.

The city's territorial authority population is 396,200 people, and includes a number of smaller urban areas as well as rural areas.[4] The population of the urban area is 384,800 people.[4] Christchurch is the second-largest city by urban area population in New Zealand, after Auckland.[a] It is the major urban area of an emerging sub-region known as Greater Christchurch.[7] Notable smaller urban areas within this sub-region include Rangiora and Kaiapoi in Waimakariri District, north of the Waimakariri River, and Rolleston and Lincoln in Selwyn District to the south.

The first inhabitants migrated to the area sometime between 1000 and 1250 AD.[8] They hunted moa, which led to the birds' extinction by 1450, and destroyed much of the mataī and tōtara forest. The first iwi to settle the area that would later become known as Christchurch were the Waitaha, who migrated to the area in the 16th century. They were followed later by the Kāti Māmoe, who conquered the Waitaha. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Ngāi Tahu migrated to the area and subjugated the Kāti Māmoe. Over time the Ngāi Tahu tribe would develop a large based around Kaiapoi, which was a major centre for the trade of pounamu.[8]

Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it officially the oldest established city in New Zealand. The Canterbury Association, which settled the Canterbury Plains, named the city after Christ Church, Oxford. The new settlement was laid out in a grid pattern centred on Cathedral Square; during the 19th century there were few barriers to the rapid growth of the urban area, except for the Pacific to the east and the Port Hills to the south. Agriculture is the historic mainstay of Christchurch's economy. The early presence of the University of Canterbury and the heritage of the city's academic institutions in association with local businesses has fostered a number of technology-based industries. Christchurch is one of five Antarctic gateway cities, hosting Antarctic support bases for several nations.[9]

The city suffered a series of earthquakes between September 2010 and January 2012, with the most destructive occurring at 12.51 p.m. on 22 February 2011, in which 185 people were killed and thousands of buildings across the city suffered severe damage, with a few central city buildings collapsing. By late 2013, 1,500 buildings in the city had been demolished, leading to ongoing recovery and rebuilding projects. The city later became the site of a terrorist attack targeting two mosques on 15 March 2019, in which 51 people were killed, and which was described by the Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern, as "one of New Zealand's darkest days".

Etymology[edit]

The name Christchurch was adopted at the first meeting of the Canterbury Association on 27 March 1848. The reason it was chosen is not clear but the most likely reason is it was named after Christ Church, Oxford, the alma mater of many members of the association, including John Robert Godley. Christ Church college had similarities with the planned new city, including its own cathedral, the smallest in England.[10]

The Māori name Ōtautahi, meaning 'the place of Tautahi', was adopted in the 1930s. Ōtautahi was the name of a specific site by the Avon River / Ōtākaro (near the present-day fire-station on Kilmore Street).[11] The site was a seasonal dwelling of Ngāi Tahu chief Te Pōtiki Tautahi, whose main home was Port Levy on Banks Peninsula, although a different account claims the Tautahi in question was the son of the Port Levy chief Huikai.[12] Prior to that, the Ngāi Tahu generally referred to the Christchurch area as Karaitiana,[13] a transliteration of the English word Christian.

"ChCh" is sometimes used as an abbreviation of Christchurch.[14][15][16]

In New Zealand Sign Language, Christchurch is signed with two Cs.[17]

History[edit]

Māori settlement[edit]

Archaeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs in 1876 has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250 AD.[citation needed] These first inhabitants were thought to have been followed by the Waitaha iwi, who are said to have migrated from the East coast of the North Island in the 16th century. Following tribal warfare, the Waitaha (made of three peoples) were dispossessed by the Ngāti Māmoe iwi. They were in turn subjugated by the Ngāi Tahu iwi, who remained in control until the arrival of European settlers 600 years later.[citation needed]

Land covered in mataī and tōtara forest was cleared in what is now the central city, and in 1500 the population increased due to Kāti Māmoe and then further Ngāi Tahu migration.[18] The largest single settlement was at Kaiapoi's , a bustling fortification controlled by the powerful Ngāi Tahu hapū Kāi Tūāhuriri.[19] This pā was founded by the nobleman Tūrākautahi, and was run by his family and prestigious tohunga in a highly sophisticated social and economic fabric. Tūrākautahi's hapū, Kāi Tūāhuriri, was named for his father, the important leader Tūāhuriri. Tūāhuriri was a powerful chief who had influence and control over vast swathes of Christchurch, Nelson and Wellington, before a conflict with his brother-in-law Tutekawa caused him to drown in Te Roto o Wairewa (Lake Forsyth).[20][21] The settlement remained where it was, controlled by Tūāhuriri's descendants, until it was sacked in the 1830s by Te Rauparaha.[22]

European settlement[edit]

Markets, Christchurch, New Zealand, 20 May 1871

After the purchase of land at Putaringamotu (modern Riccarton) by the Weller brothers, whalers of Otago and Sydney, a party of European settlers led by Herriott and McGillivray established themselves in what is now Christchurch, early in 1840. Their abandoned holdings were taken over by brothers William and John Deans[23] in 1843 who stayed. The First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association and brought the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte Jane, Sir George Seymour, and Cressy. The Charlotte Jane was the first to arrive on 16 December 1850. The Canterbury Pilgrims had aspirations of building a city around a cathedral and college, on the model of Christ Church in Oxford.[24]

The name "Christ Church" was decided before the ships' arrival, at the association's first meeting, on 27 March 1848. The exact basis for the name is not known. It has been suggested that it is named for Christchurch, in Dorset, England; for Canterbury Cathedral; or in honour of Christ Church, Oxford. The last explanation is the one generally accepted.[10]

At the request of the Deans brothers – whose farm was the earliest European settlement in the area – the river was named after the River Avon in Scotland, which rises in the Ayrshire hills near to where their grandfather's farm was located.[25]

Captain Joseph Thomas, the Canterbury Association's Chief Surveyor, surveyed the surrounding area. By December 1849 he had commissioned the construction of a road from Port Cooper, later Lyttelton, to Christchurch via Sumner.[26] However, this proved more difficult than expected and road construction was stopped while a steep foot and pack horse track was constructed over the hill between the port and the Heathcote valley, where access to the site of the proposed settlement could be gained. This track became known as the Bridle Path because the path was so steep that pack horses needed to be led by the bridle.[27]

Goods that were too heavy or bulky to be transported by pack horse over the Bridle Path were shipped by small sailing vessels some eight miles (13 km) by water round the coast and up the Avon Heathcote Estuary to Ferrymead. New Zealand's first public railway line, the Ferrymead Railway, opened from Ferrymead to Christchurch in 1863. Due to the difficulties in travelling over the Port Hills and the dangers associated with shipping navigating the Sumner bar, a railway tunnel was built through the Port Hills to Lyttelton, opening in 1867.[28]

ChristChurch Cathedral (pictured in the c. 1880s) was constructed between 1864 and 1904.

Christchurch became a city by royal charter on 31 July 1856, the first in New Zealand. Many of the city's Gothic Revival buildings by architect Benjamin Mountfort date from this period. Christchurch was the seat of provincial administration for the Province of Canterbury, which was abolished in 1876. By 1874, Christchurch was New Zealand's fourth-largest city with a population of 14,270 residents.[29]

Heavy rain caused the Waimakariri River to flood Christchurch in February 1868. Victoria Square (known as Market Place at the time) was left underwater with "the whole left side of the [Avon] river from Montreal-street bridge to Worcester street was all one lake, as deep as up to a horse's belly".[30][31][32] Christchurch buildings were damaged by earthquakes in 1869, 1881 and 1888.[33] The 1888 earthquake caused the highest 7.8 metres of the Christchurch Cathedral spire to collapse.[34] Mark Twain described Christchurch in 1895 "where half the people ride bicycles and the other half are kept busy dodging them".[35]

1901–2000[edit]

In 1901, an earthquake measuring 6.9, centred near Cheviot, caused the spire on top of Christchurch Cathedral to collapse again, but this time only the top 1.5 metres fell. On this occasion, it was rebuilt with timber and metal instead of stone.[34]

In 1906, the New Zealand International Exhibition opened in Hagley Park. More than one million people visited the exhibition.[36] In 1908, a large fire which started at the Stranges Department Store destroyed buildings in central Christchurch on High St, Cashel St and Lichfield Streets.[37]

Christchurch started to receive a regular supply of electricity from the Lake Coleridge hydroelectric scheme in April 1915 and, as a result, the first electric lights became operational in Christchurch in May 1915.[38]

The Spanish Flu epidemic arrived in Christchurch in November 1918. It would eventually lead to the deaths of 466 Christchurch people.[39]

The population of Christchurch exceeded 100,000 for the first time in 1919.[40]

The first set of traffic lights was installed in Christchurch in 1930 at the intersection of Cashel and Colombo Streets.[41]

In 1940, after several years of planning, Harewood Airport opened for flying. This was developed over a number of years to become Christchurch International Airport and in 1950 it was New Zealand's first international airport.[42]

First ever aerial photograph of Christchurch taken by Leslie Hinge, January 1918

In 1947, New Zealand's worst fire disaster occurred at Ballantyne's Department Store in the inner city, with 41 people killed in a blaze which razed the rambling collection of buildings.[43]

In November 1957, a Bristol Freighter crashed into the Russley Golf Course, killing the two crew and two passengers on board.[44][45] In December 1957, Christchurch was affected by a one in 100 year flooding event, with the Waimakariri River bursting its stop banks near the suburb of Belfast.[46][47]

The Lyttelton road tunnel between Lyttelton and Christchurch was opened in 1964.[48]

In 1969, the one-way system running through central Christchurch was established. The first two streets to be made one-way were Lichfield and St Asaph streets. They were followed by Barbadoes, Madras, Salisbury and Kilmore streets.[49]

The Christchurch Town Hall was opened in 1972.[50]

Christchurch hosted the 1974 British Commonwealth Games.

The Al-Noor Mosque was opened in 1985, this being the second in the country at that time.[51]

Christchurch was hit by the biggest snowstorm in 30 years in August 1992, which left snow up to a foot deep in some parts of Christchurch.[52] In the wider Canterbury area, more than one million sheep had died as a result of the snow and cold conditions.[53][54]

21st century[edit]

2010–2012 earthquakes[edit]

The collapsed Pyne Gould Building. Thirty of the building's two hundred workers were trapped within the building following the February 2011 earthquake.[55]

On Saturday, 4 September 2010, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Christchurch and the central Canterbury region at 4:35 am. With its epicentre near Darfield, west of the city at a depth of 10 kilometres (6.2 mi), it caused widespread damage to the city and minor injuries, but no direct fatalities.[56][57]

Nearly six months later, on Tuesday 22 February 2011, a second earthquake measuring magnitude 6.3 struck the city at 12:51 pm. Its epicentre was located closer to the city, near Lyttelton, at a depth of 5 km (3 mi).[58]

Although lower on the moment magnitude scale than the previous earthquake, the intensity and violence of the ground shaking was measured to be IX (Violent), among the strongest ever recorded globally in an urban area[59] and 185 people were killed.[60][61] People from more than 20 countries were among the victims.[62] The city's ChristChurch Cathedral was severely damaged and lost its spire.[63][64] The collapse of the CTV Building resulted in the majority of fatalities. Widespread damage across Christchurch resulted in the loss of homes, major buildings and infrastructure. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, and the total cost to insurers of rebuilding has been estimated at NZ$20–30 billion.[65][66]

There were continuing aftershocks for some time, with 4,558 above a magnitude 3.0 recorded in the Canterbury region from 4 September 2010 to 3 September 2014.[67] Particularly large events on 13 June 2011,[68] 23 December 2011,[69][70][71] and 2 January 2012[72] all caused further damage and minor injuries; but no further deaths. Following the earthquakes, over 1500 buildings in the city had been demolished or partly demolished by September 2013.[73]

Cherry blossom trees in spring bloom and a historic water wheel, located on a small island in the Avon River / Ōtākaro at the corner of Oxford Terrace and Hereford Street, in the city centre

The city experienced rapid growth following the earthquakes. A Christchurch Central Recovery Plan guides rebuilding in the central city. There has been massive growth in the residential sector, with around 50,000 new houses expected to be constructed in the Greater Christchurch area by 2028 as outlined in the Land Use Recovery Plan (LURP).

2017 bushfires[edit]

On 13 February 2017, two bush fires started on the Port Hills. These merged over the next two days and the single very large wildfire extended down both sides of the Port Hill almost reaching Governors Bay in the south-west, and the Westmorland, Kennedys Bush, and Dyers Pass Road almost down to the Sign of the Takahe. Eleven houses were destroyed by fire, over one thousand residents were evacuated from their homes, and over 2,076 hectares (5,130 acres) of land was burned.[74]

2019 terrorist attack[edit]

Fifty-one people died from two consecutive mass shootings at Al Noor Mosque and Linwood Islamic Centre by an Australian white supremacist carried out on 15 March 2019.[75][76][77][78][79] Forty others were injured.[80] The attacks have been described by Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern as "one of New Zealand's darkest days".[81] On 2 June 2020, the attacker pleaded guilty to multiple charges of murder, attempted murder, and terrorism.[82][83] On 27 August, he was sentenced to life in prison without parole, the first time such a sentence was handed down in New Zealand.[84][85][86]

Geography[edit]

Satellite image showing Christchurch and surrounding areas.
View of the Christchurch region from the International Space Station.

Christchurch lies in Canterbury, near the centre of the east coast of the South Island, east of the Canterbury Plains. It is located near the southern end of Pegasus Bay, and is bounded to the east by the Pacific Ocean coast and the estuary of the Avon / Ōtākaro and Ōpāwaho / Heathcote Rivers. To the south and south-east, the urban portion of the city is limited by the volcanic slopes of the Port Hills separating it from Banks Peninsula. To the north, the city is bounded by the braided Waimakariri River.

Christchurch is one of a group of only four current cities in the world to have been carefully planned following the same layout of a central city square, four complementing city squares surrounding it and a parklands area that embraces the city centre. The first city built with this pattern was Philadelphia. Later came Savannah and Adelaide, before Christchurch.[87]

Christchurch has one of the highest-quality water supplies in the world, with its water rated among the purest and cleanest in the world.[88] Untreated, naturally filtered water is sourced, via more than 50 pumping stations surrounding the city, from aquifers emanating from the foothills of the Southern Alps.[89] However, since 2018 about 70% of Christchurch's water supply has been temporarily chlorinated due to well-head upgrades, and the chlorination is planned to be stopped after the upgrades have been completed and certified.[90][91]

Central City[edit]

Worcester Street and Cathedral Square from the cathedral, January 2007
July snowfall on Cobham Intermediate School grounds

At the city's centre is Cathedral Square, surrounding the now-earthquake-damaged landmark Anglican cathedral, Christ Church. The area around this square and within the Four Avenues of Christchurch (Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Moorhouse Avenue and Deans Avenue[92]) is considered to be the central business district (CBD) of the city. The central city also has a number of residential areas, including Inner City East, Inner City West, Avon Loop, Moa Neighbourhood and Victoria, but many of the residential buildings in the CBD were demolished following the February 2011 earthquakes. Cathedral Square is located at the crossing of two major central streets, Colombo Street and Worcester Street.

Cathedral Square, the heart of the city, hosted attractions such as (until the February 2011 earthquake)[93] the Wizard of New Zealand, Ian Brackenbury Channell, and evangelist Ray Comfort; regular market days; free standing food and coffee carts; an aquarium, pubs and restaurants and the city's chief tourist information centre. it is expected that activities in Cathedral Square will increase as the rebuilding progresses. (After the 2011 earthquake, the Wizard of New Zealand moved to New Regent Street.[94] and operated there until he lost his contract with the city in 2021.)[95]

The central city also includes the pedestrianised sections of Cashel and High streets, commonly known pre-earthquakes as 'City Mall'. Refurbished in 2008/09 the mall featured especially designed seating, flower and garden boxes, more trees, paving, and an extension to the central city tram route. The tram route extension was nearly complete when the February 2011 earthquake struck. Following the earthquakes, most buildings in Cashel Mall were demolished. A shopping area called Re:START opened on Cashel Street adjacent to Ballantyne's Department Store in October 2011. The Re:START mall was made of colourful shipping containers that were converted to house retail stores. The Bridge of Remembrance commemorating war dead stands at the western end of the mall, was repaired rededicated on Anzac Day, Monday 25 April 2016.[96][97]

The Christchurch Arts Centre

The Cultural Precinct[98] provided a backdrop to a vibrant scene of ever-changing arts, cultural, and heritage attractions within an area of less than one square kilometre. The Arts Centre, the Canterbury Museum and the Art Gallery are located in the Cultural Precinct. The majority of the activities were free and a printable map was provided. Their areas are slowly being reopened to follow earthquake repair and strengthening work.

In 2010, the Christchurch City Council released "A City For People Action Plan", a programme of work through to 2022 to improve public spaces within the central city to entice more inner-city residents and visitors. A primary action was to reduce the impact of motorised private vehicles and increase the comfort of pedestrians and cyclists. The plan was based on a report prepared for the council by renowned Danish design firm Gehl Architects. Since the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, Wellington architect Ian Athfield has been selected to re-plan, although many varied suggestions have been promoted for rebuilding the central city.[99][100][101][102]

The Central City, which was fully closed off following 22 February earthquake, opened in stages and was fully reopened in June 2013; although there were still some streets closed off due to earthquake damage, infrastructure repair work, and damaged buildings.[103]

Inner suburbs[edit]

(clockwise, starting north of the city centre)

Outer suburbs[edit]

Some of these suburbs may also be considered subdivisions of larger suburbs.

(clockwise, starting north of the city centre)

Satellite towns[edit]

The Christchurch functional urban area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers 2,408.1 km2 (929.8 sq mi).[104] Towns and settlements in the functional urban area include:

Climate[edit]

Autumn in the Christchurch Botanic Gardens

Christchurch has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) with a mild summer, cool winter, and regular moderate rainfall. It has mean daily maximum air temperatures of 22.6 °C (73 °F) in January and 10.9 °C (52 °F) in July.[105] Summer in the city is mostly warm, but is often moderated by a sea breeze from the north-east. A record high temperature of 41.6 °C (106.9 °F) was reached in February 1973. A notable feature of the weather is the nor'wester, a hot föhn wind that occasionally reaches storm force, causing widespread minor damage to property.[106] Like many cities, Christchurch experiences an urban heat island effect; temperatures are slightly higher within the inner-city regions compared to the surrounding countryside.[107]

In winter, it is common for the temperature to fall below 0 °C (32 °F) at night. There are on average 80 days of ground frost per year.[108] Snowfall occurs on average three times per year, although in some years none is recorded.[109] The lowest temperature recorded was −7.1 °C (19.2 °F) on 18 July 1945, the third-lowest recorded temperature of New Zealand's major cities.[109][110]

On cold winter nights, the surrounding hills, clear skies, and frosty calm conditions often combine to form a stable inversion layer above the city that traps vehicle exhausts and smoke from domestic fires to cause smog.[111] While not as bad as smog in Los Angeles or Mexico City, Christchurch smog has often exceeded World Health Organisation recommendations for air pollution. To limit air pollution, the regional council banned the use of open fires in the city in 2006.[112]

Climate data for Christchurch Airport (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.1
(98.8)
41.6
(106.9)
35.9
(96.6)
29.9
(85.8)
27.3
(81.1)
22.5
(72.5)
22.4
(72.3)
22.8
(73.0)
26.2
(79.2)
30.1
(86.2)
32.0
(89.6)
36.0
(96.8)
41.6
(106.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 31.0
(87.8)
31.4
(88.5)
28.7
(83.7)
25.4
(77.7)
22.1
(71.8)
20.3
(68.5)
18.2
(64.8)
19.7
(67.5)
22.3
(72.1)
25.0
(77.0)
27.2
(81.0)
29.8
(85.6)
33.9
(93.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.7
(72.9)
22.3
(72.1)
20.3
(68.5)
17.6
(63.7)
14.6
(58.3)
11.9
(53.4)
11.4
(52.5)
12.6
(54.7)
15.0
(59.0)
16.9
(62.4)
19.2
(66.6)
21.0
(69.8)
17.1
(62.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 17.1
(62.8)
17.0
(62.6)
14.9
(58.8)
12.2
(54.0)
9.6
(49.3)
6.9
(44.4)
6.3
(43.3)
7.6
(45.7)
9.5
(49.1)
11.2
(52.2)
13.5
(56.3)
15.7
(60.3)
11.8
(53.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1)
11.6
(52.9)
9.7
(49.5)
6.8
(44.2)
4.5
(40.1)
1.8
(35.2)
1.2
(34.2)
2.5
(36.5)
3.9
(39.0)
5.5
(41.9)
7.7
(45.9)
10.5
(50.9)
6.5
(43.7)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 5.0
(41.0)
4.6
(40.3)
2.3
(36.1)
−0.1
(31.8)
−1.9
(28.6)
−4.7
(23.5)
−4.9
(23.2)
−3.7
(25.3)
−2.3
(27.9)
−0.7
(30.7)
0.1
(32.2)
3.7
(38.7)
−5.3
(22.5)
Record low °C (°F) 3.0
(37.4)
1.5
(34.7)
−0.2
(31.6)
−4.0
(24.8)
−6.4
(20.5)
−7.2
(19.0)
−6.8
(19.8)
−6.7
(19.9)
−4.4
(24.1)
−4.2
(24.4)
−2.6
(27.3)
0.1
(32.2)
−7.2
(19.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 37
(1.5)
41
(1.6)
41
(1.6)
55
(2.2)
56
(2.2)
61
(2.4)
57
(2.2)
51
(2.0)
36
(1.4)
49
(1.9)
41
(1.6)
52
(2.0)
577
(22.7)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.9 5.4 6.3 6.7 7.8 8.0 8.2 7.3 6.1 6.9 6.6 7.1 82.3
Average relative humidity (%) (at 9 am) 72.5 79.0 80.9 83.9 86.3 87.2 87.8 85.8 78.7 73.9 70.5 71.3 79.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 237.9 195.0 191.2 162.6 139.7 117.1 127.1 153.9 169.5 203.8 223.7 219.9 2,141.4
Percent possible sunshine 51 49 50 50 47 44 44 48 48 50 51 46 48
Average ultraviolet index 10 8 6 3 1 1 1 2 3 5 8 10 5
Source 1: CliFlo[113]
Source 2: Time and Date (potential monthly daylight hours)[114][115]

Demographics[edit]

Boatsheds on the Avon River / Ōtākaro

Christchurch City covers a land area of 1,415.47 km2 (546.52 sq mi)[116] and had an estimated population of 396,200 as of June 2023,[4] with a population density of 280 people per km2.

This is the second-most populous area administered by a single council in New Zealand, and the largest city in the South Island. The population comprises 384,800 people in the Christchurch urban area, 3,180 people in the Lyttelton urban area, 1,650 people in the Diamond Harbour urban area, and 6,570 people in rural settlements and areas.

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1981281,721—    
1986288,948+0.51%
1991296,061+0.49%
1996316,611+1.35%
2001323,956+0.46%
2006348,456+1.47%
2013341,469−0.29%
2018369,006+1.56%
Source: [117][118]

Christchurch City had a population of 369,006 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 27,537 people (8.1%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 20,550 people (5.9%) since the 2006 census. There were 138,381 households, comprising 183,972 males and 185,034 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female. The median age was 37.1 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 63,699 people (17.3%) aged under 15 years, 82,971 (22.5%) aged 15 to 29, 166,959 (45.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 55,377 (15.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 77.9% European/Pākehā, 9.9% Māori, 3.8% Pasifika, 14.9% Asian, and 2.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 26.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 50.8% had no religion, 36.3% were Christian, 0.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.8% were Hindu, 1.1% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 2.5% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 75,207 (24.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 49,554 (16.2%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $32,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 50,229 people (16.5%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 153,480 (50.3%) people were employed full-time, 46,011 (15.1%) were part-time, and 11,466 (3.8%) were unemployed.[118]

Individual wards
Name Area (km2) Population Density (per km2) Households Median age Median income
Harewood Ward 113.60 21,552 189.72 8,043 42.1 years $35,500
Waimairi Ward 10.47 22,554 2,154.15 8,010 37.8 years $32,000
Papanui Ward 10.51 23,349 2,221.60 8,871 39.2 years $32,100
Fendalton Ward 9.08 22,785 2,509.36 8,586 42.5 years $38,500
Innes Ward 41.89 23,454 559.89 9,021 35.9 years $34,800
Burwood Ward 20.49 26,598 1,298.10 9,591 37.5 years $30,700
Coastal Ward 31.82 22,974 722.00 8,967 38.6 years $32,400
Hornby Ward 46.73 23,055 493.37 8,193 36.5 years $30,700
Halswell Ward 46.24 29,643 641.07 10,197 36.6 years $38,400
Riccarton Ward 9.62 24,861 2,584.30 7,596 27.7 years $20,100
Spreydon Ward 10.08 24,276 2,408.33 9,204 35.4 years $33,100
Central Ward 13.22 23,679 1,791.15 10,440 32.0 years $34,400
Cashmere Ward 23.89 21,615 904.77 8,217 41.6 years $40,200
Linwood Ward 16.46 24,501 1,488.52 9,549 35.5 years $28,000
Heathcote Ward 38.23 25,263 660.82 10,143 41.7 years $37,400
Banks Peninsula Ward 973.16 8,850 9.09 3,747 48.4 years $36,000
New Zealand 37.4 years $31,800

Culture and identity[edit]

Largest groups of overseas-born residents[119]
Nationality Population (2018)
England 16,779
Philippines 10,338
China[b] 10,296
India 7,404
Australia 6,495
South Africa 3,462
South Korea 2,907
Fiji 2,733
Samoa 2,697
United States 2,403

The table below shows the ethnic profile of Christchurch's population, as recorded in the censuses held between 2001 and 2018. The percentages add up to more than 100%, as some people counted themselves as belonging to more than one ethnic group. Figures for 2006 refer to just Christchurch City, not the whole urban area. The substantial percentage drop in the numbers of 'Europeans' in that census was mainly caused by the increasing numbers of people from this group choosing to define themselves as 'New Zealanders'–even though this was not one of the groups listed on the census form.

English is the most spoken language (95.9%) followed by Te Reo Māori (2.1%), Mandarin (1.9%), Tagalog (1.5%) and French (1.3%). Percentages add up to more than 100% as people may select more than one language.

Ethnic groups of Christchurch City residents, 2001–18 census[120][121]
Ethnicity 2001 census 2006 census 2013 census 2018 census
Number % Number % Number % Number %
European 282,333 89.7 255,384 75.4 273,306 83.9 287,307 77.9
Asian 17,625 5.6 26,634 7.9 30,717 9.4 54,984 14.9
Māori 22,533 7.2 25,728 7.6 27,765 8.5 36,642 9.9
Pacific peoples 7,674 2.4 9,465 2.8 10,101 3.1 14,178 3.8
MELAA 1,974 0.6 2,859 0.8 3,384 1.0 5,580 1.5
Other 87 <0.1 43,778 12.9 6,276 1.9 5,007 1.4
Total people stated 314,883 338,772 325,719 369,006
Not elsewhere included 9,195 2.8 9,687 2.8 15,750 4.6 0 0.0

Economy[edit]

Farming[edit]

Christchurch farmers' market, Riccarton, beside Riccarton House[122]

The agricultural industry has always been the economic core of Christchurch.[123] Its surrounding farming countryside has long been the basis of its industry, part of the original "package" sold to New Zealand immigrants.[124] PGG Wrightson, New Zealand's leading agribusiness, is based in Christchurch.[125] Its local roots go back to Pyne Gould Guinness, an old stock and station agency serving the South Island.[126]

Other agribusinesses in Christchurch have included malting, seed development and dressing, wool and meat processing, and small biotechnology operations using by-products from meat works.[123] Dairying has grown strongly in the surrounding areas, with high world prices for milk products and the use of irrigation to lift grass growth on dry land. With its higher labour use, this has helped stop declines in rural population. Many cropping and sheep farms have been converted to dairying. Conversions have been by agribusiness companies as well as by farmers, many of whom have moved south from North Island dairying strongholds such as Taranaki and the Waikato.

Cropping has always been important in the surrounding countryside. Wheat and barley and various strains of clover and other grasses for seed exporting have been the main crops. These have all created processing businesses in Christchurch. Recently, regional agriculture has diversified, with a thriving wine industry springing up at Waipara, and the beginnings of new horticulture industries such as olive production and processing. Deer farming has led to new processing using antlers for Asian medicine and aphrodisiacs. The high-quality local wine in particular has increased the appeal of Canterbury and Christchurch to tourists.[127]

Industry[edit]

Christchurch is the second-largest manufacturing centre in New Zealand behind Auckland, the sector being the second-largest contributor to the local economy,[128] with firms such as Anderson's making steel work for bridges, tunnels, and hydroelectric dams in the early days of infrastructure work. Now manufacturing is mainly of light products and the key market is Australia, with firms such as those pioneered by the Stewart family among the larger employers. Before clothing manufacture largely moved to Asia, Christchurch was the centre of the New Zealand clothing industry, with firms such as LWR Industries. The firms that remain mostly design and market, and manufacture in Asia. The city also had five footwear manufacturers, but these have been replaced by imports.

In the last few decades, technology-based industries have sprung up in Christchurch.[129] Angus Tait founded Tait Electronics, a mobile-radio manufacturer, and other firms spun off from this, such as Dennis Chapman's Swichtec. In software, Cantabrian Gil Simpson founded a company that made LINC and Jade programming languages, and a management buyout spawned local firm Wynyard Group.

There have also been spin-offs from the electrical department of the University of Canterbury engineering school. These included Pulse Data, which became Human Ware (making reading devices and computers for blind people and those with limited vision) and CES Communications (encryption). The Pulse Data founders had moved from the Canterbury University engineering school to work for Wormald Inc. when they set up Pulse Data through a Management buyout of their division.[citation needed]. Spin-off company Invert Robotics developed the world's first climbing robot capable of climbing on stainless steel, aimed at the dairy tank inspection market.[130]

In recent times, the University of Canterbury engineering school and computer science department play an important role in supplying staff and research for the technology industries, and the Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology provides a flow of trained technicians and engineers. Locally and nationally, the IT sector is known not for its size (the third largest in New Zealand) but for producing innovative and entrepreneurial solutions, products and concepts.[131]

Tourism[edit]

Tourism is also a significant factor in the local economy. The proximity of the ski fields and other attractions of the Southern Alps, and hotels, a casino, and an airport that meet international standards make Christchurch a stopover destination for many tourists.

Gateway to the Antarctic[edit]

Antarctic exploration[edit]

Christchurch has a history of involvement in Antarctic exploration – both Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton used the port of Lyttelton as a departure point for expeditions, and in the central city there is a statue of Scott sculpted by his widow, Kathleen Scott. Within the city, the Canterbury Museum preserves and exhibits many historic artefacts and stories of Antarctic exploration.

The International Antarctic Centre provides both base facilities and a museum and visitor centre focused upon current Antarctic activities. The United States Navy and United States Air National Guard, augmented by the New Zealand and Australian air forces, use Christchurch Airport as the take-off point for the main supply route to McMurdo and Scott Bases in Antarctica. The Clothing Distribution Center in Christchurch had more than 140,000 pieces of extreme cold weather gear for issue to nearly 2,000 US Antarctic Program participants in the 2007–08 season.[132]

Government[edit]

Local government[edit]

The Canterbury Provincial Council Building

Christchurch's local government is a democracy with various elements, including:

  • Christchurch City Council, comprising the Mayor of Christchurch, and 16 councillors elected in 16 wards: Spreydon, Cashmere, Halswell, Riccarton, Hornby, Fendalton, Waimairi, Papanui, Innes, Central, Linwood, Heathcote, Harewood, Burwood, Coastal, and Banks Peninsula.
  • Community boards, currently six, typically covering 3 wards with 2 members elected, and one councillor appointed from each (9 members): Waihoro Spreydon-Cashmere-Heathcote, Waipapa Papanui-Innes-Central, Waipuna Halswell-Hornby-Riccarton, Waimaero Fendalton-Waimairi-Harewood, Waitai Coastal-Burwood-Linwood; the exception to this rule being the one covering Te Pātaka o Rākaihautū Banks Peninsula where all members are elected from 4 subdivisions within the Banks Peninsula Ward (Akaroa, Mount Herbert, Lyttelton, Wairewa) alongside the Ward Councillor.
  • District councils in surrounding areas: Selwyn, and Waimakariri. The Banks Peninsula district council was amalgamated into Christchurch City in March 2006 after a vote by the Banks Peninsula residents to disestablish in November 2005.
  • Canterbury Regional Council, known as 'Environment Canterbury', including four Christchurch constituencies with two members from each constituency.[133]
  • Prior to the disestablishment of the district health board model during the 2022 local elections, elections were also held for the Canterbury District Health Board, with five members for Christchurch.[134]

Some of the local governments in Canterbury and the NZ Transport Agency have created the Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy to facilitate future urban planning.[135]

Central government[edit]

Christchurch is covered by seven general electorates (Banks Peninsula, Christchurch Central, Christchurch East, Ilam, Selwyn, Waimakariri and Wigram) and one Māori electorate (Te Tai Tonga),[136] each returning one member to the New Zealand House of Representatives. As of the 2023 New Zealand general election there are four general electorate members of the National party and three members of the Labour party. The Māori electorate is represented by Te Pāti Māori.

Culture and entertainment[edit]

Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, damaged by the 2011 earthquake and subsequently demolished
The Christchurch Art Gallery
Christchurch Botanic Gardens

The architecture of Christchurch has been said to be distinctly English; however, it contains various European elements, with strong Gothic Revival architecture.[citation needed] As early settlers of New Zealand, Māori culture is also prevalent in the city. It features many public open spaces and parks, river beds and cafés and restaurants situated in the city centre and surrounding suburbs.[example needed]

Cinema[edit]

Historically, most cinemas were grouped around Cathedral Square.[137]

Only one of the first generation of suburban cinemas, the Hollywood in Sumner, remains open.[138] The largest multiplexes were the Hoyts 8 in the old railway station on Moorhouse Avenue (now demolished) and Reading Cinemas (also eight screens) in the Palms shopping centre in Shirley. Hoyts in Riccarton opened in 2005[139] with one of its screens for a time holding the record for the largest in New Zealand.

The Rialto Cinemas on Moorhouse avenue specialised in international films and art house productions. The Rialto also hosted the majority of the city's various film festivals and was home to the local film society. The Rialto was closed following the February 2011 earthquake.

The Canterbury Film Society is active in the city.[140]

The Peter Jackson film Heavenly Creatures (1994), starring Melanie Lynskey and Kate Winslet, was set in Christchurch.[141]

Parks and nature[edit]

The large number of public parks and well-developed residential gardens with many trees has given Christchurch the name of The Garden City.[142] Hagley Park and the 30-hectare (75 acre) Christchurch Botanic Gardens, founded in 1863, are in the central city, with Hagley Park being a site for sports such as golf, cricket, netball, and rugby, and for open-air concerts by local bands and orchestras. To the north of the city is the Willowbank wildlife park. Travis Wetland, an ecological restoration programme to create a wetland, is to the east of the city centre in the suburb of Burwood.

Orana Wildlife Park is New Zealand's only open-range zoo, sitting on 80 hectares of land, located on the outskirts of Christchurch.[143]

Television[edit]

Television broadcasts began in Christchurch on 1 June 1961 with the launch of channel CHTV3, making Christchurch the second New Zealand city (behind Auckland) to receive regular television broadcasts. The channel initially broadcast from a 10-kilowatt transmitter atop the Gloucester Street studios until it switched to the newly built 100-kilowatt Sugarloaf transmitter in the Port Hills on 28 August 1965.[144] In November 1969, CHTV3 was networked with its counterpart stations in Auckland, Wellington and Dunedin to form NZBC TV, the predecessor to today's TVNZ 1.

Christchurch had its own regional television station Canterbury Television. CTV was first formed in 1991 and ceased broadcasting on 16 December 2016. It aired both local, national and international content, including DW-TV and Al-jazeera World. Since 19 December 2016, CTV has operated as a web-based platform under the Star Media brand.

VTV, a Korean TV channel, airs in Christchurch (also Auckland). It offers English content about Korea, from arirang World, and Korean-speaking content in SBS. This channel broadcasts many of the latest dramas airing in Korea.

All television channels in Christchurch have been broadcast in digital since the analogue switch-off on 28 April 2013.

Theatre[edit]

Christchurch has one full-time professional theatre, the Court Theatre,[145] founded in 1971. Originally based in the Christchurch Arts Centre, the Court Theatre has been located in the suburb of Addington in temporary accommodation following the 2011 earthquakes. Alongside the Court is the co-operative and experimental Free Theatre Christchurch, established in 1979 and based in the Arts Centre from 1982,[146] and Showbiz Christchurch, an incorporated society established in 1938 and primarily producing musical theatre.[147] There is also an active recreational theatre scene with community-based theatre companies, such as the Christchurch Repertory Society,[148] Elmwood Players,[149] Riccarton Players,[150] and Canterbury Children's Theatre,[151] producing many quality shows. The Ngaio Marsh Theatre, located at the University of Canterbury, hosts a range of student drama groups, as well as other theatre groups. The Isaac Theatre Royal was originally opened in 1863, and has since been rebuilt four times, most recently following the 2011 Christchurch earthquake.[152] The Isaac Theatre Royal reopened to the public on 17 November 2014.

Music[edit]

The city is known for its many live acts,[153][154][155][156] including a professional symphony orchestra.[157] After the closure of Canterbury Opera in 2006, due to financial reasons, in 2009 another professional opera company, Southern Opera, was founded. After the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes, it suspended its activities, before merging with New Zealand Opera in 2013.[158] Christchurch is a home for the experimental music scene of New Zealand. The town is the home to such bands as The Bats, The Narcs, Shocking Pinks, Slim and Bailter Space.

There are usually buskers around the town square, and Christchurch also hosts the World Buskers Festival in January each year.[159] Singer-songwriter Hayley Westenra launched her international career by busking in Christchurch.[160]

Some of New Zealand's acts, such as Shapeshifter, Ladi6, Tiki Taane and Truth are from Christchurch. Promoters, Venues and clubs such as Bassfreaks, The Bedford and Dux Live regularly have international, and New Zealand acts within the Drum and Bass scene performing live in Christchurch, along with dance parties, raves and gigs all featuring NZ and local Drum and Bass DJs, with often two or three happening on a single night or weekend (e.g. 2010 when UK Dubstep DJ Doctor P with Crushington was playing at The Bedford, while simultaneously Concord Dawn featuring Trei and Bulletproof was playing at Ministry).[citation needed] Independent Christchurch-based radio station Pulzar FM is one of the few radio stations in New Zealand that plays Drum and Bass during the day.

In recent developments, hip hop has effectively landed in Christchurch.[clarification needed] In 2000, First Aotearoa Hip Hop Summit was held there. And in 2003, Christchurch's Scribe released his debut album in New Zealand and has received five times platinum in that country, in addition to achieving two number one singles.[161][162]

Venues[edit]

Weston House, built in the Georgian style

The Christchurch Arena is New Zealand's second-largest permanent multipurpose arena, seating between 5,000 and 8,000, depending on configuration. It is home of the Mainland Tactix netball side. It was the venue for the 1999 World Netball championships, and has been host to many concerts

The Christchurch Town Hall auditorium (2,500 seats, opened 1972) was the first major auditorium design by architects Warren and Mahoney and acousticians Marshall Day. It is still recognised as a model example of concert-hall design with an excellent modern pipe organ. The hall reopened on 23 February 2019, after being closed for eight years for repair after the significant damage caused by the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake.

Christchurch also has a casino,[163] and there are also a wide range of live music venues[153][164] – some short-lived, others with decades of history. Classical music concerts were held at the Christchurch Music Centre until it was demolished as a result of earthquake damage. The Piano was built to offer a variety of performance spaces for music and the arts.[165]

In late 2014 it was announced that a 284 million dollar project was underway to build a convention centre located on the block defined by Armagh Street, Oxford Terrace, Worcester Street and Colombo Street. Gloucester Street becomes part of the Centre itself, but allows for retail use and public access. The convention centre, now called Te Pae, hosts several events at the same time; starting with space for up to 2,000 people, this complements facilities in Auckland and Queenstown. Te Pae opened on 17 December 2021.[166]

Festivals[edit]

Christchurch had a biennial Festival of Transitional Architecture (FESTA) from 2012 to 2018 founded by architectural historian Jessica Halliday.[167] This has turned into an annual festival of architecture events called Open Christchurch since 2019 run by Te Pūtahi Centre for Architecture and City Making.[168] Word Christchurch is a long running literary festival, the director in 2023 is Steph Walker.[169]

Sport[edit]

Teams[edit]

Events[edit]

Venues[edit]

Aerial view of Hagley Oval cricket ground: North is the Botanic Gardens end, East is the historic Umpires' Pavilion side, South is the Port Hills end and West is the Christ's College cricket ground end.

Ski fields[edit]

Skiing is popular, and there are ski fields an easy drive from Christchurch,[178] including:

Education[edit]

The University of Canterbury is a tertiary education provider for Christchurch.

Secondary schools[edit]

Christchurch is home to the fourth-largest school in New Zealand, co-educational state school Burnside High School, with 2419 pupils. Cashmere High School, Papanui High School and Riccarton High School are other large schools. There are four single-sex state schools: Shirley Boys' High School, Christchurch Boys' High School, Avonside Girls' High School and Christchurch Girls' High School.

Christchurch is also home to several single sex private church schools, some of them of the traditional English public school type. These include St Thomas of Canterbury College, St Margaret's College, Christ's College, St Bede's College, Marian College, Catholic Cathedral College, St Andrew's College, Villa Maria College and Rangi Ruru Girls' School. Less conventional schools in the city include Ao Tawhiti, Hagley Community College, and the Christchurch Rudolf Steiner School.

Tertiary institutions[edit]

A number of tertiary education institutions have campuses in Christchurch, or in the surrounding areas.

Transport[edit]

Christchurch is served by Christchurch Airport and by buses (local and long-distance) and trains. The local bus service, known as Metro,[179] is provided by Environment Canterbury. The car, however, remains the dominant form of transport in the city, as with the rest of New Zealand.

Christchurch has over 2,300 km of roads, of this 360 km is unpaved, and 43 km is motorway.[180] Christchurch has three motorways consisting of the Christchurch Northern Motorway (includes the Western Belfast Bypass), Christchurch Southern Motorway and the Christchurch-Lyttelton Motorway.[181][182]

Christchurch has an extensive bus network, with bus routes serving most areas of the city and satellite towns. Nearly all bus routes travelled through the central city Bus Exchange before the earthquake, but due to reduced passenger numbers since the earthquakes, especially in the central city, the bus network was reorganised to direct more localised services to hubs, such as major shopping centres, where they connect to the central station via core bus routes. Before the 2011 earthquakes, in addition to normal bus services, Christchurch also had a pioneering zero-fare hybrid bus service, the Shuttle, in the inner city. The service has been suspended following the earthquakes, and it is unclear whether it will resume again in the future.[183] Bus services are also available leaving Christchurch, daily passenger bus services[184] operates between Dunedin and Christchurch on the State Highway 1.

Historically, Christchurch has been known as New Zealand's cycling city[185] and currently still attracts about 7% of commuters cycling. The central city has very flat terrain and the Christchurch City Council has established a network of cycle lanes and paths, such as the Railway Cycleway. Post-quake public consultation on rebuilding the city expressed a strong desire for a more sustainable transport system, particularly greater use of cycling again, and this has been reflected in the council's strategic transport plan.[186]

Christchurch Brill Tram No 178 on the heritage tramway in inner-city Christchurch.

The Christchurch City Council has committed NZ$68.5 million to build a network of modern cycleways over the next five years.[citation needed]

There is a functioning tramway system in Christchurch, but as a tourist attraction; its loop is restricted to a circuit of the central city. The trams were originally introduced in 1905 as a form of public transport, and ceased operating in 1954,[187] but returned to the inner city (as a tourist attraction) in 1995. However, following the February 2011 earthquake, the system was damaged and within the cordoned off 'Red Zone' of the central city. The tramway reopened in November 2013 on a limited route, with plans to extend the tram route in 2014, first to reopen the complete pre-earthquake circuit, and then to open the extension travelling through the Re:Start Mall and High Street, which was being constructed when the 2011 earthquake struck.

There is a cable car system called the Christchurch Gondola which operates as a tourist attraction, providing transport from the Heathcote Valley to the top of Mount Cavendish in the city's south-east.

Rail services, both long-distance and commuter, used to focus on the former railway station on Moorhouse avenue. Commuter trains were progressively cancelled in the 1960s and 1970s. The last such service, between Christchurch and Rangiora, ceased in 1976. After the reduction in services, a new Christchurch railway station was established at Addington Junction. The Main North Line railway travels northwards via Kaikōura to Picton and is served by the Coastal Pacific scheduled passenger train while the Main South Line heads to Invercargill via Dunedin and was used by the Southerner until its cancellation in 2002.

The most famous train to depart Christchurch is the TranzAlpine, which travels along the Main South Line to Rolleston and then turns onto the Midland Line, passes through the Southern Alps via the Otira Tunnel, and terminates in Greymouth on the West Coast. This trip is often regarded as one of the ten great train journeys in the world for the remarkable scenery through which it passes. The TranzAlpine service is primarily a tourist service and carries no significant commuter traffic.

Christchurch Airport is located in Harewood, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north-west of the city centre. The airport serves as the major base for the New Zealand, Italian and United States Antarctic programs.

Utilities[edit]

Electricity[edit]

The Christchurch City Council established the city's first public electricity supply in 1903, and the city was connected to Coleridge Power Station in 1914. Until 1989, electricity distribution and retailing in Christchurch was the responsibility of four entities: the Christchurch City Council Municipal Electricity Department (MED), Riccarton Electricity, the Port Hills Energy Authority, and the Central Canterbury Electric Power Board. In 1989, all four companies entered a joint venture, named Southpower. The 1998 electricity sector reforms required all electricity companies to separate their distribution and retailing businesses. Southpower retained its distribution business and sold its retail business to Meridian Energy. In December 1998, the line's business was renamed Orion New Zealand.[188] Today, Orion owns and operates the local distribution network servicing the city, with electricity fed into it from two Transpower substations at Islington and Bromley.

The electricity distribution network in Christchurch suffered significant damage in the 2011 earthquakes, especially in the north-east, where the 66,000-volt subtransmission cables supplying the area were damaged beyond repair.[189] This necessitated major repairs to the existing infrastructure, as well as building new infrastructure to supply new housing developments.

At the 2013 census, 94.0% of Christchurch homes were heated wholly or partly by electricity, the highest in the country.[190]

Sister cities[edit]

Christchurch's sister cities are:[191]

Christchurch also has friendly relations with Gansu Province in China.[191]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Whether Christchurch or Wellington is New Zealand's second-largest city by population is debatable and depends on where the boundaries are drawn.[5] Using Statistics New Zealand boundaries, Christchurch is the second-largest urban area (384,800 vs 215,200),[4] territorial authority area (396,200 vs 216,200),[4], and functional urban area (470,814 vs 414,033).[6]
  2. ^ Mainland China, not including Hong Kong
  1. ^ "Civic coats of arms". Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  2. ^ "Urban Rural 2020 (generalised) – GIS | | GIS Map Data Datafinder Geospatial Statistics | Stats NZ Geographic Data Service". datafinder.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
  3. ^ "NZ Topographic Map". Land Information New Zealand. Archived from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Subnational population estimates (RC, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (regional councils); "Subnational population estimates (TA, SA2), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (territorial authorities); "Subnational population estimates (urban rural), by age and sex, at 30 June 1996-2023 (2023 boundaries)". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. (urban areas)
  5. ^ "Yeah, Nah: Is Wellington (or Christchurch) NZ's second city?". Stuff. 2 September 2022.
  6. ^ "Functional urban areas – methodology and classification". Statistics New Zealand. 10 February 2021.
  7. ^ "Greater Christchurch 2050". www.greaterchristchurch.org.nz/. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
  8. ^ a b "Early Christchurch – a brief history". Christchurch City Libraries. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Christchurch – Gateway to Antarctica". Antarctica New Zealand. Archived from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  10. ^ a b Cowie, D. J. (1934). "How Christchurch Got Its Name – A Controverted Subject". Victoria University of Wellington. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  11. ^ "Ōtautahi – Christchurch". Christchurch City Libraries. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  12. ^ Gates, Charlie (18 September 2020). "Ōtautahi – the story behind Christchurch's informal te reo name". Stuff. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
  13. ^ Ōtautahi Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine (from the Christchurch City Library website)
  14. ^ "Cycle Chch". Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  15. ^ "CHCH Central". CHCH Central. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  16. ^ "ChCh Southern Motorway Stage 2". Selwyn District Council. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
  17. ^ "Christchurch – NZSL Online". New Zealand Sign Language dictionary. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  18. ^ "Early Christchurch – a brief history". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  19. ^ "Kaiapoi Pā". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  20. ^ "Ngāi Tahu – Kaikōura History". Te Rūnanga o Ngāi Tahu. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  21. ^ "Tūāhuriri". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  22. ^ Parata-Goodall, Puamiria (11 November 2019). "Cultural Narrative Canterbury Museum" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
  23. ^ "Deans cottage web site". Riccartonhouse.co.nz. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  24. ^ Cathedral History (from the official ChristChurch Cathedral website). Archived 17 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ A History of Canterbury, Vol. 1 – Sir James Hight & Straubel, C.R.; Canterbury Centennial Association and Whitcombe and Tombs, Christchurch 1957, p. 121.
  26. ^ "Captain Thomas and the Streets of Christchurch". Christchurch City Libraries. Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  27. ^ Rescue, the Sumner community and its lifeboat service – Amodeo, Colin (editor), Christchurch: Sumner Lifeboat Institution Incorporated, 1998
  28. ^ "Chch City Libraries". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. 26 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  29. ^ King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. Penguin. p. 209.
  30. ^ Matthews, Philip (8 January 2021). "1868: A great flood in Christchurch". Stuff. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  31. ^ "February 1868 New Zealand Storm (1868-02-01)". hwe.niwa.co.nz. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  32. ^ "Great Storm Flooded Christchurch – 4th February 1868". Discover The Delights Of Peeling Back History. 3 February 1868. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  33. ^ "Christchurch and Canterbury earthquakes". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  34. ^ a b "Major New Zealand earthquakes since 1855 – New Zealand Parliament". www.parliament.nz. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  35. ^ "Author Mark Twain Visited Christchurch – 17th November 1895". Discover The Delights Of Peeling Back History. 17 November 1895. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
  36. ^ "Christchurch Chronology 1906 – Heritage – Christchurch City Libraries". christchurchcitylibraries.com. Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  37. ^ Christchurch City Libraries. "Christchurch Chronology 1908 – Heritage – Christchurch City Libraries". christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  38. ^ Christchurch City Libraries. "Christchurch Chronology 1915 – Heritage – Christchurch City Libraries". christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  39. ^ Christchurch City Libraries. "Christchurch Chronology 1918 – Heritage – Christchurch City Libraries". christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  40. ^ Christchurch City Libraries. "Christchurch Chronology 1919 – Heritage – Christchurch City Libraries". christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  41. ^ Christchurch City Libraries. "Christchurch Chronology 1930 – Heritage – Christchurch City Libraries". christchurchcitylibraries.com. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  42. ^ "Airport History – Christchurch Airport". www.christchurchairport.co.nz. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  43. ^ "Ballantyne's fire". my.christchurchcitylibraries.com. 18 November 1947. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  44. ^ "Today In History – 21 November". Stuff. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  45. ^ "Crash of a Bristol 170 Freighter 31 in Christchurch: 4 killed | Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives". www.baaa-acro.com. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  46. ^ "Waimakariri Flood Protection Project". Environment Canterbury. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  47. ^ "December 1957 West Coast and Canterbury Flooding ( 1957-12-26 )". hwe.niwa.co.nz. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  48. ^ "Te Ara". Te Ara. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 30 March 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  49. ^ "1969: The start of the one-way system". Stuff. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  50. ^ "1972: The 'magnificent' Town Hall". Stuff. 19 April 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  51. ^ "1985: Al-Noor mosque opens". Stuff. 29 April 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
  52. ^ Jamieson, Debbie (26 August 2022). "A city paralysed: Remembering Christchurch's 'big snow' 30 years after the devastating dump". Stuff. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  53. ^ Matthews, Philip (3 May 2021). "1992: The big snow". Stuff. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  54. ^ Zeal, New; Data, 's Weather; Authority, Alerts. "Looking back: Big snow of 1992". WeatherWatch.co.nz. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
  55. ^ "Christchurch Earthquake: Workers trapped in crushed buildings". The New Zealand Herald. 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  56. ^ Strong quake hits in Darfield, Canterbury near Christchurch, Radio New Zealand, 4 September 2010
  57. ^ "New Zealand's South Island Rocked by Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake". Bloomberg L.P. 3 September 2010. Archived from the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2010.
  58. ^ "New Zealand Earthquake Report – Feb 22, 2011 at 12:51 pm (NZDT)". GeoNet. Earthquake Commission and GNS Science. 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  59. ^ Fox, Andrea (1 March 2011). "Building code no match for earthquake". The Dominion Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  60. ^ "Official quake toll rises to 185". Stuff.co. 9 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2012.
  61. ^ "List of deceased – Christchurch earthquake". New Zealand Police. 8 September 2011. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2011.
  62. ^ "Earthquake toll rises to 145". The New Zealand Herald. 26 February 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  63. ^ "Large quake strikes Christchurch". The Dominion Post. 2011. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  64. ^ "Christchurch quake: People likely to be trapped in cathedral". The New Zealand Herald. 22 February 2011. Archived from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
  65. ^ Rotherham, Fiona (10 May 2011). "Quake rebuild will eat into GDP". Stuff. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  66. ^ Buhayar, Noah; Greber, Jacob; Saminather, Nichola (23 February 2011). "New Zealand's Earthquake May Become Costliest Insured Disaster Since 2008". Bloomberg L.P. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  67. ^ "Canterbury Aftershocks". Info.geonet.org.nz. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
  68. ^ "Thousands of homes need to go". The Press. 14 June 2011. Archived from the original on 2 September 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  69. ^ "New Zealand's Christchurch rocked by earthquakes". BBC. 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  70. ^ Herald, Apnz (23 December 2011). "Christchurch: More quakes expected". The New Zealand Herald. nzherald.co.nz. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  71. ^ Readiness Is All (23 December 2011). "Evacuations as large quake rocks Christchurch". TVNZ. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  72. ^ "Quake swarm rattles Christchurch". Stuff. 2 January 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  73. ^ "Christchurch demolition phase draws to an end". One News. 9 September 2013. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  74. ^ "How does the size of the Christchurch fires compare?". Stuff. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  75. ^ "Police with the latest information on the mosque shootings". Radio New Zealand. 17 March 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  76. ^ "Turkish man wounded in Christchurch mosque shootings has died, bringing toll to 51". Stuff. 3 May 2019. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  77. ^ "Christchurch mosque shooting: What you need to know". The New Zealand Herald. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  78. ^ "Christchurch shooting: reports of multiple casualties after shooting at mosque – live updates". The Guardian. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  79. ^ Molyneux, Vita (15 March 2019). "Live updates: Six people have reportedly been killed in Christchurch shootings near mosque". Newshub. Archived from the original on 15 March 2019. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  80. ^ Bayer, Kurt; Leasl, Anna (24 August 2020). "Christchurch mosque terror attack sentencing: Gunman Brenton Tarrant planned to attack three mosques". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  81. ^ "Jacinda Ardern on the Christchurch shooting: 'One of New Zealand's darkest days'". The Guardian. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  82. ^ Quinlivan, Mark; McCarron, Heather. "Christchurch shooting: Alleged gunman Brenton Tarrant's trial delayed". Newshub. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  83. ^ "Man accused of Christchurch mosque shootings pleads not guilty to 51 murder charges". Stuff. 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  84. ^ R v Tarrant, 2020 NZHC 2192 (Christchurch High Court 27 August 2020).
  85. ^ Lourens, Mariné (27 August 2020). "Christchurch mosque gunman jailed 'until his last gasp'". Stuff. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  86. ^ "New Zealand mosque shooter given life in prison for 'wicked' crimes". Reuters. 27 August 2020. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  87. ^ Goldsworthy, Kerryn (2011). Adelaide. NewSouth. p. 83. ISBN 9-7817-4224092-3.
  88. ^ "Community Outcomes Baseline Report". Christchurch City Council. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 October 2008. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  89. ^ "Where our water comes from". Christchurch City Council. 4 September 2010. Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  90. ^ "Water chlorination". Christchurch City Council. 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 22 January 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  91. ^ "Got questions about chlorination?". Christchurch City Council. 30 July 2018. Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  92. ^ "Christchurch City Council definition" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  93. ^ Ensor, Blair (24 February 2011). "Damaged city too much for Wizard". The Marlborough Express. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  94. ^ "Introduction to the Wizard's World". The Wizard of Christchurch. Archived from the original on 29 July 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  95. ^ "Christchurch: New Zealand city parts ways with its wizard". BBC. 15 October 2021.
  96. ^ "The Bridge of Remembrance Christchurch city libraries". Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  97. ^ "The Bridge of Remembrance". ccc.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  98. ^ "Welcome to Christchurch's Cultural Precinct". The Cultural Precinct of Christchurch. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  99. ^ "Architects begin to look at rebuild of Christchurch". 1 March 2011. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011.
  100. ^ "Rebuilding Christchurch". Archived from the original on 27 March 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  101. ^ "Rebuilding Christchurch with wood is a 'New Zealand solution'". Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  102. ^ "Elevated Garden City rebuilding our beloved Christchurch for the 21st century". Archived from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  103. ^ "Christchurch red zone cordon finally lifted". The New Zealand Herald. 30 June 2013. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  104. ^ "Functional urban areas – methodology and classification | Stats NZ". www.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  105. ^ "Mean Daily Maximum Temperatures 1971–2000". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on 25 December 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  106. ^ Canterbury's damaging nor'wester Archived 11 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine (from the Metservice NZ website)
  107. ^ Tapper, NJ; Tyson, PD; Owens, IF; Hastie, WJ (1981). "Modeling the Winter Urban Heat Island Over Christchurch, New Zealand". Journal of Applied Meteorology. 20 (4): 289. doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1981)020<0365:VKECOH>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0450.
  108. ^ Mean Number Of Days Of Ground Frost Archived 14 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (from the NIWA website)
  109. ^ a b "The Climate of Christchurch" (PDF). New Zealand Meteorological Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  110. ^ "Summary climate information for selected New Zealand location". Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
  111. ^ Robinson, Shelley (21 April 2015). "Dirt, arsenic and lead polluting air in industrial Christchurch". Stuff. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  112. ^ "Open fires, old woodburners banned in Christchurch". Radio New Zealand. 1 April 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
  113. ^ "CliFlo – National Climate Database". NIWA. Archived from the original on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  114. ^ "Christchurch, New Zealand – Sunrise, sunset and daylength". Time and Date. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  115. ^ "93781: Christchurch Aerodrome Aws (New Zealand)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  116. ^ "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  117. ^ "Historic Population Growth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  118. ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Christchurch City (060). 2018 Census place summary: Christchurch City
  119. ^ "Birthplace (detailed), for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  120. ^ "Ethnic group (total responses), for the census usually resident population count, 2001, 2006, and 2013 Censuses (RC, TA, AU)". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 5 March 2018.
  121. ^ "Ethnic group (detailed total response – level 3) by age and sex, for the census usually resident population count, 2006, 2013, and 2018 Censuses (RC, TA, SA2, DHB)". nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  122. ^ "Riccarton House and Bush". Riccarton Bush Trust. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
  123. ^ a b Agricultural Policy Reform and the Rural Economy in OECD Countries. OECD Publishing. 1998. p. 290. ISBN 9789264162532.
  124. ^ "Historical Context". Stats.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  125. ^ Hutching, Gerard (9 August 2016). "PGG Wrightson profit lifts in tough year". Stuff. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  126. ^ "About PGG Wrightson". www.pggwrightson.co.nz. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  127. ^ Guide. "Christchurch Wineries, Wine Tasting & Vineyards New Zealand". www.tourism.net.nz. New Zealand Tourism Guide. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
  128. ^ "Manufacturing Jobs in Christchurch". CDC. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  129. ^ "Will tech companies stay committed to Christchurch? A roll call". 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  130. ^ "Christchurch-based Invert Robotics expands further into global markets – New Zealand Research Commercialisation Success Stories". kiwinet.org.nz. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  131. ^ "IT Jobs in Christchurch". Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
  132. ^ "Looking good in the Antarctic". Clothing Distribution Center in Christchurch, New Zealand, outfits USAP participants for the trip south. The Antarctic Sun. 10 January 2008. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2008.
  133. ^ Environment Canterbury Archived 8 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine (official regional council website)
  134. ^ Canterbury District Health Board "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 February 2005. Retrieved 14 February 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (official district health board website)
  135. ^ "Greater Christchurch Urban Development Strategy". Archived from the original on 4 June 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  136. ^ "Find my electorate". Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 7 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
  137. ^ Regent Theatre Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine [1930–1976] (from the Canterbury Film Society website)
  138. ^ "Christchurch Cinemas :: Hollywood Theatre". Canterburyfilmsociety.org.nz. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  139. ^ "Hoyts Riccarton [2005 – ]". Canterbury Film Society. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  140. ^ Canterbury Film Society Archived 27 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine (from the official Canterbury Film Society website)
  141. ^ Synopsis. Retrieved 10/4/2015. Archived 7 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  142. ^ Christchurch, the Garden City Archived 28 August 2005 at the Wayback Machine (from the Christchurch City Council website)
  143. ^ "Open Range Zoo, Christchurch NZ | Orana Wildlife Park". www.oranawildlifepark.co.nz. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
  144. ^ "Sugarloaf To Open Tomorrow". The Press. 27 August 1965. p. 1.
  145. ^ Court Theatre Archived 9 November 1999 at the Wayback Machine (from the official Court Theatre website)
  146. ^ "3. – Actors and acting – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 6 September 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  147. ^ "About Showbiz Christchurch". www.showbiz.org.nz. Archived from the original on 26 September 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  148. ^ "Christchurch Repertory". Repertory.co.nz. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  149. ^ "Elmwood Players". Elmwood Players. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  150. ^ "Riccarton Players". Riccarton Players. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  151. ^ Peter Rivers. "Canterbury Children's Theatre". Malthouse.co.nz. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  152. ^ "Isaac Theatre Royal – History". Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.
  153. ^ a b "Christchurch's music scene/venues". Christchurch City Libraries. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  154. ^ "Celebrating Christchurch Music in NZ Music Month". Scoop. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  155. ^ "NZ Music Month". New Zealand Music Commission. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  156. ^ "Homepage • New Zealand Music Month, May 2019". www.nzmusicmonth.co.nz. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
  157. ^ Christchurch Symphony Archived 21 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine (from the official Christchurch Symphony Orchestra website)
  158. ^ "Opera returns to Christchurch". Archived from the original on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
  159. ^ Gates, Charlie (16 January 2018). "Make or break year for Christchurch's World Buskers Festival". Stuff. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  160. ^ "Hayley Westenra biography out". Stuff. 31 January 2009. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  161. ^ Henderson, April K. "Dancing Between Islands: Hip Hop and the Samoan Diaspora." In The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture, ed. by Dipannita Basu and Sidney J. Lemelle, 180–199. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press, 2000
  162. ^ "Aotearoa hiphop timeline". Archived from the original on 20 October 2009.
  163. ^ Christchurch Casino Archived 9 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine (official Christchurch Casino website)
  164. ^ "Christchurch Live Music". Christchurch Music Industry Trust. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  165. ^ "The Piano". thepiano.nz. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  166. ^ McDonald, Liz (26 November 2021). "Ceremonial opening for Te Pae convention centre before Christmas". Stuff. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  167. ^ "Jessica Halliday". New Zealand Planning Institute. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  168. ^ "Open Christchurch | Discover your city through architecture". Open Christchurch. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  169. ^ "About WORD". Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  170. ^ "Christchurch Park History". Christchurch Park. Archived from the original on 14 October 2008.
  171. ^ "About Us – Addington Raceway & Events Centre". www.addington.co.nz. Archived from the original on 24 January 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  172. ^ "The Construction". Hagley Oval. Archived from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  173. ^ "Hadlee Stand to be bowled over" Archived 16 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 13 January 2012, Nick Tolerton, stuff.co.nz
  174. ^ "Demolition of Christchurch's Lancaster Park approaches end". Stuff. 10 September 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  175. ^ "Lancaster Park". ccc.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  176. ^ "Christchurch's Lancaster Park demolition enters final stage". RNZ. 10 September 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  177. ^ "QEII Park Recreation and Sport Centre" Archived 12 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine, CCC Website
  178. ^ "The best ski spots near Christchurch". Stuff. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  179. ^ "Metro". Metroinfo.org.nz. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  180. ^ "Infrastructure Strategy 2015 – 2045" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  181. ^ "Frequently asked questions | NZ Transport Agency". www.nzta.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  182. ^ "Project details | NZ Transport Agency". www.nzta.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
  183. ^ "City congestion demands action". The Press. 12 November 2014. Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
  184. ^ "Christchurch To Dunedin Bus – Knight Rider". knightrider.co.nz. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  185. ^ "About Christchurch: The Town Imagined, Victorian City 1877 – 1902". Janesoceania.com. 2 May 2011. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  186. ^ "Christchurch Transport Strategic Plan 2012–42". Ccc.govt.nz. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
  187. ^ A Wheel on Each Corner, The History of the IPENZ Transportation Group 1956–2006 – Douglass, Malcolm; IPENZ Transportation Group, 2006, Page 12
  188. ^ "Company history". Orion New Zealand Limited. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
  189. ^ "Power transformer to be installed in eastern Chch suburbs". Newstalk ZB. TVNZ. 4 March 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  190. ^ "2013 Census QuickStats about housing – data tables". Statistics New Zealand. 18 March 2014. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  191. ^ a b "Sister Cities Programme". ccc.govt.nz. Christchurch City Council. Retrieved 19 November 2020.

Bibliography[edit]

External links[edit]