Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

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Coordinates: 13°15′N 61°12′W / 13.250°N 61.200°W / 13.250; -61.200
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For the islands of the sovereign state, see Saint Vincent (Antilles) and Grenadines.
For other uses, see Saint Vincent (disambiguation) and Grenadine (disambiguation).

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Motto: "Pax et Justitia" (Latin)
"Peace and Justice"
Anthem: "Saint Vincent, Land so Beautiful"
Royal anthem: "God Save the King"
Location of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Capital
and largest city
Kingstown
13°10′N 61°14′W / 13.167°N 61.233°W / 13.167; -61.233
Official languagesEnglish
Vernacular languageVincentian Creole
Ethnic groups
(2020)
Religion
(2020)[1]
Demonym(s)Vincentian and Grenadinian
Vincy (colloquial)
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy
• Monarch
Charles III
Susan Dougan
Ralph Gonsalves
LegislatureHouse of Assembly
Independence
27 October 1969
• from the United Kingdom
27 October 1979
Area
• Total
389 km2 (150 sq mi) (184th)
• Water (%)
negligible
Population
• 2022 estimate
110,872[2] (180th)
• 2012 census
109,991[3]
• Density
307/km2 (795.1/sq mi) (39th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $2 billion
• Per capita
Increase $17,840[4]
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $1 billion
• Per capita
Increase $9,360[4]
HDI (2021)Decrease 0.751[5]
high · 89th
CurrencyE.C dollar (XCD)
Time zoneUTC-4 (AST)
Driving sideleft
Calling code+1 784
ISO 3166 codeVC
Internet TLD.vc

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (/ˌɡrɛnəˈdiːnz/ ⓘ GREH-nə-DEENZ) is an island country in the eastern Caribbean. It is located in the southeast Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, which lie in the West Indies, at the southern end of the eastern border of the Caribbean Sea, where the latter meets the Atlantic Ocean.

Its 369 km2 (142 sq mi) territory consists of the main island of Saint Vincent and, south of that, two-thirds of the northern part of the Grenadines, a chain of 32 smaller islands. Some of the Grenadines are inhabited—Bequia, Mustique, Union Island, Canouan, Petit Saint Vincent, Palm Island, Mayreau, Young Island—while others are not: Tobago Cays, Baliceaux, Battowia, Quatre, Petite Mustique, Savan and Petit Nevis. Most of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lies within the Hurricane Alley.

To the north of Saint Vincent lies Saint Lucia, to the east is Barbados, and Grenada lies to the south. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has a population density of over 300 inhabitants/km2 (700 per sq mi), with an estimated population of 110,872.[6]

Kingstown is the capital and main port. Saint Vincent has a British colonial history, and is now part of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States, CARICOM, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC).

In April 2021, the La Soufrière volcano erupted several times with "explosive events" continuing. By 12 April, 16,000 residents had evacuated the area.[7][8] Assistance and emergency financial support was being provided by several nearby islands, the United Kingdom, and agencies such as the United Nations. The first significant offer of long-term funding, of US$20 million, was announced on 13 April 2021 by the World Bank.[9]

Etymology[edit]

Christopher Columbus, the first European to reach the island, named it after St. Vincent of Saragossa (San Vicente de Zaragoza) whose feast day was on the day Columbus first saw it (22 January 1498). The name of the Grenadines refers to the Spanish city of Granada, but to differentiate it from the island of the same name, the diminutive was used. Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the Kalinago natives who inhabited the island of St. Vincent called it Youloumain, in honour of Youlouca, the spirit of the rainbows, who they believed inhabited the island.[10][11]

History[edit]

Main articles: History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, French West Indies, and British West Indies

Pre-colonial period[edit]

Before the arrival of Europeans and Africans in the 16th century, various Amerindian groups passed through or settled on St. Vincent and the Grenadines, including the Ciboney, Arawak, and Kalinago people.[11][12] The island now known as Saint Vincent was originally named Youloumain[13] by the native Island Caribs who called themselves Kalina.

European arrival and early colonial period[edit]

It is thought that Christopher Columbus sighted the island in 1498, giving it the name St Vincent.[10] The Kalinago people aggressively opposed European settlement on Saint Vincent.[14][11]

French and British colonisation and First Carib War[edit]

Various attempts by the English and Dutch to claim the island proved unsuccessful, and it was the French who were first able to colonise the island, settling in the town of Barrouallie on the leeward side of St Vincent in 1719.[14] The French imported Black slaves to work on plantations producing sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, cotton and cocoa.[15]

Depiction of the 1773 treaty negotiations between the British and the Garifuna

The British captured the island and drove out the French from Barrouallie during the Seven Years' War, a claim confirmed by the Treaty of Paris (1763).[14] On taking control of the island in 1763, the British laid the foundations of Fort Charlotte and also continued the importation of slaves to work on the island's plantations. The Garifuna, an Afro-Indigenous creole people on the island, were opposed to the British presence and entered into open conflict against the British, starting the First Carib War, which lasted from 1772 to 1773.[14]

During the Anglo-French War (1778–1783), the French recaptured St Vincent in 1779. However, the British regained control under the Treaty of Versailles (1783).[14][11]

British colonial period and Second Carib War[edit]

Main article: British Windward Islands

The uneasy peace between the British and the Garifuna led to the Second Carib War, which lasted from 1795 to 1797.[14] The Garifuna were led by paramount chief Joseph Chatoyer and supported by the French, notably Victor Hugues who was based on the island of Martinique. They were eventually defeated in 1797 by British forces under the command Sir Ralph Abercromby; a peace treaty agreement was made which resulted in almost 5,000 Garifuna being deported to Roatán, an island off the coast of Honduras, and to Belize and Baliceaux in the Grenadines.[11]

In 1806, the construction of Fort Charlotte was completed.[16]

The La Soufrière volcano erupted in 1812, resulting in considerable destruction.[17][11]

Colonial flag (to 1979)

The British abolished slavery in Saint Vincent (as well as in all other British West Indies colonies) in 1834, and an apprenticeship period followed which ended in 1838.[11][14] After its end, labour shortages on the plantations resulted, and were initially addressed by the immigration of indentured servants; in the late 1840s, many Portuguese immigrants arrived from Madeira, and between 1861 and 1888 shiploads of Indian labourers arrived.[14]

20th century[edit]

Main article: West Indies Federation
Residents of Saint Vincent making casabe (casava bread) in the 1910s

In 1902, the La Soufrière volcano erupted again, killing 1,500–2,000 people; much farmland was damaged, and the economy deteriorated.[11][14][17]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines passed through various stages of colonial status under the British. A representative assembly was authorised in 1776, Crown Colony government was installed in 1877, a legislative council was created in 1925 with a limited franchise,[14] and universal adult suffrage was granted in 1951.[14] During the period of its control of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Britain made several attempts to unify the island with the other Windward Islands as a single entity, to simplify British control in the sub-region through a single unified administration.[14] In the 1960s, the British again tried to unify all of its regional islands, including Saint Vincent, into a single politically unified entity under British control. The unification was to be called the West Indies Federation and was driven by a desire to gain independence from the British government. However, the attempt collapsed in 1962.[14]

Saint Vincent was granted "associate statehood" status by Britain on 27 October 1969.[14] This gave Saint Vincent complete control over its internal affairs but fell short of full independence in law.[citation needed]

In April 1979, La Soufrière erupted once more. Although no one was killed, thousands were evacuated and extensive agricultural damage occurred.[17]

On 27 October 1979, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained full independence;[14][11] the date is now the country's Independence Day, a public holiday.[10] The country opted to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations, retaining the then-Queen Elizabeth II as Monarch, represented locally by a Governor-General.[18]

Post-independence era[edit]

Milton Cato of the centre-left Saint Vincent Labour Party (SVLP) was the country's first Prime Minister (he had been Premier since 1974), ruling until his defeat in the 1984 Vincentian general election by James Fitz-Allen Mitchell of the centre-right New Democratic Party (NDP).[14] During Cato's time in office, there was a brief rebellion on Union Island in December 1979 led by Lennox 'Bumba' Charles. Inspired by the recent revolution on Grenada, Charles alleged neglect of the Union by the central government. However, the revolt was swiftly put down and Charles was arrested.[19][20] There were also a series of strikes in the early 1980s.[11] James Mitchell remained Prime Minister for 16 years until 2000, winning three consecutive elections.[14] Mitchell was at the forefront of attempts to improve regional integration.[11] In 1980 and 1987, hurricanes damaged many banana and coconut plantations. Hurricane seasons were also very active in 1998 and 1999, with Hurricane Lenny in 1999 causing extensive damage to the west coast of the island.[citation needed]

In 2000, Arnhim Eustace became Prime Minister after taking over the leadership of the NDP following Mitchell's retirement; he was defeated a year later by Ralph Gonsalves of the Unity Labour Party (successor party to the SVLP).[21][14] Gonsalves—a left-winger known in the country as "Comrade Ralph"[22][23]—argued that European nations owe Caribbean nations reparations for their role in the Atlantic slave trade.[24] Gonsalves won a second term in 2005,[22] a third in 2010,[22] and a fourth in 2015.[25]

In 2009, a referendum was held on a proposal to adopt a new constitution that would make the country a republic, replacing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with a non-executive President, a proposal supported by Prime Minister Gonsalves. A two-thirds majority was required, but the referendum was defeated 29,019 votes (55.64 per cent) to 22,493 (43.13 per cent).[26][14]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was elected as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council 2020–21.

In November 2020, Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines since 2001, made history by securing the fifth consecutive victory of his Unity Labour Party (ULP) in general election.[27]

In 2021, on 9 April, the La Soufrière volcano erupted, sending ash several miles into the atmosphere. Approximately 16,000 people were evacuated in the days leading up to the eruption.[28]

Geography[edit]

Main article: Geography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
A map of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines lies to the west of Barbados, south of Saint Lucia and north of Grenada in the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, an island arc of the Caribbean Sea. The islands of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines include the main island of Saint Vincent 344 km2 (133 sq mi) and the northern two-thirds of the Grenadines 45 km2 (17 sq mi), which are a chain of smaller islands stretching south from Saint Vincent to Grenada. There are 32 islands and cays that make up St Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG). Nine are inhabited, including the mainland St Vincent and the Grenadines islands: Young Island, Bequia, Mustique, Canouan, Union Island, Mayreau, Petit St Vincent and Palm Island. Prominent uninhabited islands of the Grenadines include Petit Nevis, used by whalers, and Petit Mustique, which was the centre of a prominent real-estate scam in the early 2000s.[29]

The capital of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is Kingstown, Saint Vincent.[10] The main island of Saint Vincent measures 26 km (16 mi) long, 15 km (9.3 mi) in width and 344 km2 (133 sq mi) in area. From the most northern to the most southern points, the Grenadine islands belonging to Saint Vincent span 60.4 km (37.5 mi), with a combined area of 45 km2 (17 sq mi).[30]

The island of Saint Vincent is volcanic and heavily forested and includes little level ground.[10] The windward side of the island is very rocky and steep, while the leeward side has more sandy beaches and bays.[citation needed] Saint Vincent's highest peak is La Soufrière volcano at 1,234 m (4,049 ft).[10] Other major mountains on St Vincent are (from north to south) Richmond Peak, Mount Brisbane, Colonarie Mountain, Grand Bonhomme, Petit Bonhomme and Mount St Andrew.[31]

The country is home to two terrestrial ecoregions: Windward Islands moist forests and the Lesser Antillean dry forests.[32] It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.95/10, ranking it 61st globally out of 172 countries.[33]

Government and politics[edit]

Main article: Politics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Main office-holders
The King of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
Charles III
since
8 September 2022
The Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
Dame Susan Dougan
since
1 August 2019
The Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines:
Ralph Gonsalves
since
28 March 2001

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, with Charles III as King of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[10] He does not reside in the islands and is represented as head of state in the country by the Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, currently Susan Dougan (since 1 August 2019).[34]

The office of Governor-General has mostly ceremonial functions including the opening of the islands' House of Assembly and the appointment of various government officials. Control of the government rests with the elected Prime Minister and their cabinet. The current Prime Minister is Ralph Gonsalves, elected in 2001 as head of the Unity Labour Party.[35]

The legislative branch of government is the unicameral House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, seating 15 elected members representing single-member constituencies and six appointed members known as Senators. The parliamentary term of office is five years, although the Prime Minister may call elections at any time.[10]

The judicial branch of government is divided into district courts, the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court and the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in London being the court of last resort.[10]

Political culture[edit]

The two political parties with parliamentary representation are the New Democratic Party (NDP) and the Unity Labour Party (ULP). The parliamentary opposition is made up of the largest minority stakeholder in the general elections, headed by the Leader of the Opposition. The current opposition leader is Godwin Friday.[10]

Military[edit]

Further information: Military of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent has no formal armed forces, although the Royal Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Police Force includes a Special Service Unit as well as a militia that has a supporting role on the island.[36][37]

In 2017, Saint Vincent signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.[38]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Main article: Parishes of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Administratively, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is divided into six parishes. Five parishes are on Saint Vincent, while the sixth is made up of the Grenadine islands. Kingstown is located in the Parish of Saint George and is the capital city and central administrative centre of the country.[10]

LGBT rights[edit]

Main article: LGBT rights in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

"Acts of gross indecency", which may be defined to include homosexual activity, are illegal in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.[39] Section 148 of the Criminal Code states:

Any person, who in public or private, commits an act of gross indecency with another person of the same sex, or procures or attempts to procure another person of the same sex to commit an act of gross indecency with him or her, is guilty of an offence and liable to imprisonment for five years.[40]

Foreign relations[edit]

Further information: Foreign relations of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

International and regional relationships[edit]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines maintains close ties to Canada, the United Kingdom and the US, and cooperates with regional political and economic organisations such as the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) and CARICOM.[41] The island nation's sixth embassy overseas was opened on 8 August 2019 in Taipei, Taiwan, after Prime Minister Ralph Gonsalves' official visit to the Republic of China (Taiwan); the other five are located in London (a High Commission as Commonwealth countries have high commissions rather than embassies in each other's countries), Washington D.C., Havana, Caracas and Brussels.[citation needed]

The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty[edit]

On 6 July 1994 at Sherbourne Conference Centre, St Michael, Barbados, as a representative of the Government of St. Vincent and the Grenadines, then (James Mitchell, who was subsequently knighted) signed the Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaties.[41] There were seven other signatories to the agreement on that day. The countries which were represented were Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Grenada, Jamaica, St Kitts and Nevis, St Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago.[42][citation needed]

An eighth country signed the agreement on 19 August 2016, Guyana.[citation needed]

This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.[41]

FATCA[edit]

On 30 June 2014, St. Vincent and the Grenadines signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America with respect to Foreign Account Tax Compliance (Act) or FATCA.[43]

According to the updated site as of 16 January 2017, on 13 May 2016 the agreement went to "In Force" status.[citation needed]

International and regional bodies to which Saint Vincent and the Grenadines belong[edit]

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a member of the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, the Organization of American States, and the Association of Caribbean States (ACS).

In September 2017, at the 72nd Session of the UN General Assembly, the Prime Ministers of the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines called for UN action on alleged human rights abuses committed by Indonesia on Western New Guinea's indigenous Papuans.[44]

In 2019, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines became the smallest country to ever be elected to the UN Security Council.

Organisation of American States[edit]

St Vincent and the Grenadines joined the Organisation of American States on 27 October 1981.[45] It participates in the Summits of the Americas and the Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas.[citation needed]

European nations[edit]

In 2013, Saint Vincent called for European nations to pay reparations for the slave trade.[46] Upon a visit in April, 2022, the British Duke and Duchess of Wessex were confronted with protesters calling for reparations for Britain's participation in the slave trade. Among the protesters was Jomo Thomas, former chair of the St. Vincent and the Grenadines National Reparations Committee, who called for reparations from the former colonial power.[47] [48]

Venezuela,[edit]

Saint Vincent protests against Venezuela's claim to give full effect to Aves (Bird) Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea.[10]

Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines electricity production by source
Campden Park, St. Vincent

Agriculture, dominated by banana production, is the most important sector of this lower-middle-income economy. The services sector, based mostly on a growing tourist industry, is also important. The government has been relatively unsuccessful at introducing new industries, and the unemployment rate remains high at 19.8% in the 1991 census[49] to 15% in 2001.[50] The continuing dependence on a single crop represents the biggest obstacle to the islands' development as tropical storms wiped out substantial portions of bananas in many years.[citation needed]

There is a small manufacturing sector and a small offshore financial sector serving international businesses; its secrecy laws have caused some international concern. There are increasing demands for international financial services like stock exchange and financial intermediaries financial activities in the country. In addition, the natives of Bequia are permitted to hunt up to four humpback whales per year under IWC subsistence quotas.[51]

Tourism[edit]

The tourism sector has considerable potential for development. The filming of the Pirates of the Caribbean movies on the island has helped to expose the country to more potential visitors and investors. Recent growth has been stimulated by strong activity in the construction sector and an improvement in tourism.[52]

Transportation[edit]

Argyle International Airport is the country's new international airport.[53] The new facility opened on 14 February 2017,[54] replacing the existing E.T. Joshua Airport. The airport is on the island's east coast about 8.3 km (5.17 miles) from Kingstown.[citation needed]

Communications[edit]

Main article: Telecommunications in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

In 2010, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines had 21,700 telephone land lines. Its land telephone system is fully automatic, covering the entire island and all of the inhabited Grenadine islands.[50] In 2002, there were 10,000 mobile phones.[55] By 2010, this number had increased to 131,800.[50] Mobile phone service is available in most areas of Saint Vincent as well as the Grenadines.[56]

Saint Vincent has two ISPs (Digicel, Flow) that provide cellular telephone and internet service.[57]

Demographics[edit]

Main article: Demographics of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

The population as estimated in 2021 was 104,332.[58][59] The ethnic composition was 66% African descent, 19% of mixed descent, 6% East Indian, 4% Europeans (mainly Portuguese), 2% Kalinago and 3% others.[10] Most Vincentians are the descendants of West-Central African people brought to the island to work on plantations. There are other ethnic groups such as Portuguese (from Madeira) and East Indians, both brought in to work on the plantations after the abolishing of slavery by the British living on the island. There is also a growing Chinese population.[60]

Languages[edit]

Main article: Vincentian Creole

English is the official language. Most Vincentians speak Vincentian Creole.[61] English is used in education, government, religion, and other formal domains, while Creole (or 'dialect' as it is referred to locally) is used in informal situations such as in the home and among friends.[62]

Religion[edit]

Assumption Cathedral, Kingstown

According to the 2001 census, 81.5% of the population of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines identified themselves as Christian, 6.7% has another religion and 8.8% has no religion or did not state a religion (1.5%).[63]

Anglicanism constitutes the largest religious category, with 17.8% of the population. Pentecostals are the second largest group (17.6%). The next largest group are Methodists (10.9% of the population), followed by Seventh-day Adventists (10.2%) and Baptists (10.0%). Other Christians include Roman Catholics (7.5%), Evangelicals (2.8%), Church of God (2.5%), Brethren Christian (1.3%), Jehovah's Witnesses (0.6%) and the Salvation Army (0.3%).[64]

Between 1991 and 2001 the number of Anglicans, Brethren, Methodists and Roman Catholics decreased, while the number of Pentecostals, Evangelicals and Seventh-day Adventists increased.[citation needed]

The number of non-Christians is small. These religious groups include the Rastafari (1.5% of the population), Hindus and Muslims (1.5%).[65]

Culture[edit]

The island of Mustique in the Grenadines

Sport[edit]

See also: Cricket in the West Indies

Cricket, rugby and association football are most popular among men whereas netball is most popular among women. Basketball, volleyball and tennis are also very popular.[66]

The country's prime football league is the NLA Premier League, which provides its national (association) football team with most players. A notable Vincentian footballer is Ezra Hendrickson, former national team captain who played at several Major League Soccer clubs in the United States and is now a head coach with the Chicago Fire FC.[67]

The country regularly participates at the Caribbean Basketball Championship where a men's team and a women's team compete. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines also has its own national rugby union team which is ranked 84th in the world. Other notable sports played at the regional level include track and field. Natasha Mayers won a gold medal in the 100m at the 2010 Commonwealth Games.[68] Kineke Alexander won a bronze medal in the women's [400m] at the 2015 Pan American Games.[69] Eswort Coombs got a bronze medal in the 400m at the 1995 Pan American Games.

Music[edit]

Main article: Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Music popular in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines includes big drum, calypso, soca, steelpan and reggae. String band music, quadrille and traditional storytelling are also popular. One of the most successful St Vincent natives is Kevin Lyttle. He was named Cultural Ambassador for the Island 19 September 2013.[70] The national anthem of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is "Saint Vincent, Land so beautiful", adopted upon independence in 1979.[71]

Media[edit]

See also: List of newspapers in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent has twelve FM radio stations: 88.9 Adoration Fm,[72] 89.1 Jem Radio, 89.7 NBC Radio, 95.7 and 105.7 Praise FM, 96.7 Nice Radio, 97.1 Hot 97, 98.3 Star FM, 99.9 We FM, 103.7 Hitz, 102.7 EZee radio, 104.3 Xtreme FM and 106.9 Boom FM. There are several Internet radio stations including Chronicles Christian Radio.[73] It has one television broadcast station ZBG-TV (SVGTV)[74] and one cable television provider.

St Vincent and the Grenadines Broadcasting Corporation is the parent company for SVGTV, Magic 103.7.[75]

Holidays[edit]

Public holidays of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines[76]
Date Name in English
1 January New Year's Day
14 March National Heroes' Day
15 April Good Friday
18 April Easter Monday
1 May Labour Day
6 June Whit Monday
4 July Carnival Monday
1 August Emancipation Day
27 October Independence Day
25 December Christmas Day
26 December Boxing Day

Notable people of Vincentian descent[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "National Profiles".
  2. ^ ""Mid Year Total Population Estimates by Age and Sex, 2018 to 2022"". Statistical Office, Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023.
  3. ^ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Population and Housing Census Report 2012" (PDF). Statistical Office, Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2023.
  4. ^ a b "World Economic Outlook October 2023 (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)". International Monetary Fund. October 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  5. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  6. ^ ""Mid Year Total Population Estimates by Age and Sex, 2018 to 2022"". Statistical Office, Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Everything We Know About the Volcano Eruption on St. Vincent". Town&Country magazine. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  8. ^ Jones, Dustin (12 April 2021). "From Bad To Worse: La Soufrière Volcano Continues To Erupt". NPR. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  9. ^ "US$20m for St. Vincent volcano response from World Bank". NY Carib News. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "CIA World Factbook – St Vincent". Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "The Commonwealth – St Vincent and the Grenadines". Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  12. ^ "Review of the Indigenous Caribbean". indigenousreview.blogspot.com.au.
  13. ^ Frere. Adrien Le Breton SJ. (1662–1736). Historic Account of Saint Vincent, the Kalinago Youroumayn, the island of the Karaÿbes. Paris: Museum of Natural History, Fonds Jussieu.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s David Lawrence Niddrie, Richard Tolson, Adrian Fraser (21 October 2019). "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 7 July 2019.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ "St Vincent Genealogy Resources". svgancestry.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2012.
  16. ^ "St Vincent's Fort Charlotte to undergo extensive restoration, upgrades". stvincenttimes.com. St Vincent Times. 5 September 2022.
  17. ^ a b c Pyle, David (8 May 2014). "A volcanic retrospective: eruptions of the Soufrière, St Vincent". Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  18. ^ "Sir David Smith "An Australian Head of State: An Historical and Contemporary Perspective [1]"". www.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  19. ^ "St. Vincent Suppresses Short‐Lived Rebellion On Isle in Grenadines". The New York Times. 9 December 1979. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  20. ^ "Union remembers December 7 uprising". 9 December 2005. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  21. ^ "Caribbean Elections | St. Vincent and the Grenadines General Elections 2010". Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  22. ^ a b c St Vincent and the Grenadines profile – Leaders, BBC News (27 November 2014).
  23. ^ Ralph E. Gonsalves, The Making of "The Comrade": The Political Journey of Ralph Gonsalves: an Autobiographical Sketch of a Caribbean Prime Minister (SFI Books, 2010).
  24. ^ Torres, Aileen (6 March 2014). "Caribbean nations consider push for slavery reparations". Reuters. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  25. ^ St Vincent and the Grenadines country profile, BBC News (31 May 2018).
  26. ^ "Constitutional reform referendum defeated in St Vincent & the Grenadines". Antillean. 26 November 2009. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 16 December 2011.
  27. ^ "Ralph romps to fifth straight election win in St Vincent and the Grenadines". jamaica-gleaner.com. 6 November 2020.
  28. ^ "Explosive eruption rocks volcano on Caribbean's St. Vincent". NBC News. 9 April 2021.
  29. ^ Balboni, Julien (10 October 2018). "L'enfer d'une société belge au paradis terrestre". L'Echo (in French). Archived from the original on 8 January 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  30. ^ "North America - Grassland, desert, and tundra soils | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
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Further reading[edit]

  • Bobrow, Jill & Jinkins, Dana. 1985. St. Vincent and the Grenadines. 4th Edition Revised and Updated, Concepts Publishing Co., Waitsfield, Vermont, 1993.
  • Cosover, Mary Jo. 1989. "St. Vincent and the Grenadines." In Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean: A Regional Study, edited by Sandra W. Meditz and Dennis M. Hanratty. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
  • CIA Factbook entry
  • Gonsalves, Ralph E. 1994. History and the Future: A Caribbean Perspective. Quik-Print, Kingstown, St Vincent.
  • US Dept of State Profile
  • Williams, Eric. 1964. British Historians and the West Indies, Port-of-Spain.

External links[edit]

Government
General information

13°15′N 61°12′W / 13.250°N 61.200°W / 13.250; -61.200

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